Py
 
In 1862 Fort Puliski was reduced to a pile of rubble by them dam Yankees using rifled cannon, General Totten died in 1864 and the building of the third system of Fortifications came to and end about 1868. The forts were idle until the Endicott period that begain about 1890. The Endicott system were series of concrete bunkers as a rule to hide long range guns. The age of masonry had ended and the age of concrete had begun. Portland cement was always manufactured to be used as concrete. Using it in masonry wasn't that important, the market was small compared to concrete then and now.
 
As far as the material for lighthouses and forts they were both built by the Corps. As went General Totten so did the Corps. By the way Totten was also on the Board of Regents at the Smithsonian and he wrote the book on micro-management.
Ken Uracius


Date: Tue, 15 Jan 2008 11:27:21 -0500From: [log in to unmask]: Re: [BP] 1913To: [log in to unmask] a message dated 1/15/2008 2:00:31 AM Central Standard Time, [log in to unmask] writes:Jon writes 
One additional word of warning on modern matching of early portland-limemixes.  Remember that the strength, elasticity, and permeability of earlyportland may be quite different than the portlands of today as these areengineered for the demands of high performance concrete construction.  Acubic foot of modern portland may be nothing like a cubic foot of 1913portland.Great point John ; can we trouble you  what  the 1913 cube might look like vs meybe 1898.....how was natural cement used in the forts at this time (1890) was it used to encapsulate and protect the lime portland as  the natural  was too expensive for the bulk of the pour ....or was its use case by case as i suspect Ken may have more information on this than anyone ..lastly is there any evidence that the light house engineers were the one and the same with the army corps engineers ...did they not share the same specs ? or was it typical the right hand did not know what the left hand was doing Py......ps In scotland they did use horse apples for mortar color ....until not toolong ago ....   
**************Start the year off right. Easy ways to stay in shape.http://body.aol.com/fitness/winter-exercise?NCID=aolcmp00300000002489 -- To terminate puerile preservation prattling among pals and the uncoffee-ed, or to change your settings, go to: http://listserv.icors.org/archives/bullamanka-pinheads.html 
_________________________________________________________________
Watch “Cause Effect,” a show about real people making a real difference.
http://im.live.com/Messenger/IM/MTV/?source=text_watchcause
--
To terminate puerile preservation prattling among pals and the
uncoffee-ed, or to change your settings, go to:
<http://listserv.icors.org/archives/bullamanka-pinheads.html>