<<Disclaimer: Verify this information before applying it to your situation.>> Hi everyone. Robert's question on the parasite Giardia reminded of a book I am reading which mentions other causes of flatten villi. It's not a laypersons's book, however I am a layperson--so I don't know much about it, and I am trying to skim from it what I can. Title: Coeliac Disease Authors: W T Cooke and G K Holmes Publisher: Churchill Livingstone, Medical Division of Longman Group Limited (published in 1984) If someone on a gluten free diet for celiac disease continues to have flatten villi after a long period of treatment, these other causes should be considered as possible additional causes for flattened villi. The following are listed as causes of flat small intestinal biopsies: (Although *some* of these rarely cause flat villi and are usually found in conjunction with Coeliac Disease or Immunodeciencies according to the book.) Coeliac Disease Cow's Milk Protein Intolerance Soy Protein Intolerance Refractory Sprue Collagenous Sprue Immunodefiency Synodromes Mediterranean Lymphoma Intestinal Ulceration Gastroenteritis Intractable Diarrhoea of Infancy Protein Calorie Malnutrition Kwashiorkor Tropical Sprue Parasitic Disease: Giardiasis Strongyloidiasis Coccidiosis Intestinal Capillariasis Hookworm Disease Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Contaminated Bowel Syndrome Drug and Radiation Damage I am not sure what all of these are. They give a brief overview of some of these in the book. I have the book on a interlibrary loan from the Biomedical Library at the University of Minnesota. It is probably available at most college medical libraries. Abigail, St Paul MN --- [log in to unmask] http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/4003/ Join the Monday night Celiac chats from 8PM - 10PM ET and the celiac forum at: http://www.medsupport.org