Hunter Gatherers, I am passing this on for "Dr. Kim Shunkwiler" <[log in to unmask]>. It is quite interesting. I've been racking my brain all afternoon to come up with the name of the discoverer of antiseptic procedures. I did get this back in chiro school and the knowlege was filed in a very remote although, safe place. It just came to me after reading your post - Ignaz Semmelweis! He actually preceeded Lister. Read about him at: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13712a.htm James (at Penn State)