* Today in Black History - January 1 * *********************************************************************** * The Nguzo Saba - The seven principles of Kwanzaa - Principle for * * Day #7 - Imani (ee-MAH-nee) Faith: To believe with all our hearts * * in our parents, our teachers, our leaders, our people and the * * righteousness and victory of our struggle. * * http://www.endarkenment.com/kwanzaa/ * *********************************************************************** 1788 - The Quakers in Pennsylvania emancipate their slaves. 1804 - Haiti achieves independence from France. 1808 - The slave trade is outlawed in the United States. This stopped the legal importation of African slaves, but did not stop domestic trading in slaves. 1831 - William Lloyd Garrison publishes the first issue of "The Liberator" in Boston, Massachusetts. The newspaper will become a major influence in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States. 1856 - Bridget "Biddy" Mason and her children are granted their freedom by the California courts. After gaining her freedom, she will move to Los Angeles, where she will become a major landowner and be known for her philanthropy to the poor. 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring freedom for slaves living in the states that joined the rebellion that will become known as the Civil War. 1900 - The British protectorates of Northern & Southern Nigeria are established. 1916 - The first issue of the "Journal of Negro History" is published with Carter G. Woodson as editor. 1917 - Ulysses Simpson Kay is born in Tucson, Arizona. He will become a classical composer and one of the first American composers to travel to the Soviet Union. He will be known for his works for orchestra, piano, and chamber ensemble. 1956 - Sudan becomes independent. 1959 - Chad becomes an autonomous republic within the French Community. 1960 - Cameroon gains independence from France. 1962 - Rwanda is granted internal self-government by Belgium. 1964 - The Federation of Rhodesia & Nyasaland is dissolved. 1973 - The West African Economic Community is formed with Benin, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Upper Volta as members. 1986 - Aruba becomes an independent part of Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1990 - David Dinkins is sworn in as first African American mayor of New York City. ______________________________________________________________ Munirah Chronicle is edited by Brother Mosi Hoj "The TRUTH shall make you free" E-mail: <[log in to unmask]> Archives: <http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/Munirah.html> ______________________________________________________________ To SUBSCRIBE send E-mail to: <[log in to unmask]> In the E-mail body place: Subscribe Munirah Your FULL Name ______________________________________________________________ Munirah(TM) is a trademark of Information Man. Copyright 2001, All Rights Reserved by the Information Man in association with CODE One Communications.