* Today in Black History - November 22 * 1865 - The Mississippi legislature enacts "Black Codes" which restrict the rights and freedom of movement of the freedmen. The Black Codes enacted in Mississippi and other Southern states virtually re-enslave the freedmen. In some states, any white person could arrest any African American. In other states, minor officials could arrest African American "vagrants" and "refractory and rebellious Negroes" and force them to work on roads and levees without pay. "Servants" in South Carolina were required to work from sunrise to sunset, to be quiet and orderly and go to bed at "reasonable hours." It was a crime in Mississippi for Blacks to own farm land. In South Carolina, African Americans have to get a special license to work outside the domestic and farm laborer categories. 1871 - Louisiana Lt. Governor Oscar J. Dunn, joins the ancestors suddenly in the midst of a bitter struggle for control of the state government. Dunn aides charge that he was poisoned. 1884 - T. Thomas Fortune founds the "New York Freeman", which later becomes the "New York Age." 1884 - The Philadelphia Tribune is founded by Christopher J. Perry. 1893 - Alrutheus Ambush Taylor, teacher and historian, is born. He will become Fisk University's Dean. He and other local African American historians will come under the influence of Dr. Carter G. Woodson, who spoke in Nashville on several occasions. In 1941, Taylor will publish a Tennessee study from the African American perspective. Taylor titled his study, "The Negro in Tennessee, 1865-1880." Taylor's book will go beyond slavery and cover Reconstruction history and various aspects of African American life, including business and politics. 1930 - The Nation of Islam is founded in Detroit. 1942 - Guion S. Bluford, Jr. is born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He will become a Colonel in the United States Air Force, an astronaut and the first African-American to fly in space (four times - STS 8, STS 61A, STS 39, STS 53). 1957 - The Miles Davis Quintet debuts with a jazz concert at Carnegie Hall in New York. 1961 - Frank Robinson becomes the first baseball player to be named "Most Valuable Player" in both major leagues. 1965 - Muhammad Ali defeats Floyd Patterson. Ali, a recent convert to the Muslim faith, taunts the former champ and ends the fight in 12 rounds to win the world heavyweight title. 1968 - A portrait of Frederick Douglass appears on the cover of Life magazine. The cover story, "Search for a Black Past," will be the first in a four-part series of stories in which the magazine examines African-Americans, a review of the last 50 years of struggle and interviews with Jesse Jackson, Julian Bond, Eldridge Cleaver, Dick Gregory, and others. 1986 - 24 year-old George Branham wins the Brunswick Memorial World Open. It is the first time an African American wins a Professional Bowlers Association title. 1986 - Mike Tyson, 20 years, 4 months old, becomes the youngest to wear the world heavyweight boxing crown after knocking out Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas. 1988 - Bob Watson is named assistant general manager of the Houston Astros, the team where he began his professional career in 1965. One of a select few African American assistant general managers in the sport, Watson's spikes hang in the Baseball Hall of Fame for scoring baseball's 1,000,000th run in 1976. ______________________________________________________________ Munirah Chronicle is edited by Brother Mosi Hoj "The TRUTH shall make you free" E-mail: <[log in to unmask]> Archives: <http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/Munirah.html> ______________________________________________________________ To SUBSCRIBE send E-mail to: <[log in to unmask]> In the E-mail body place: Subscribe Munirah Your FULL Name ______________________________________________________________ Munirah(TM) is a trademark of Information Man. Copyright 2001, All Rights Reserved by the Information Man in association with CODE One Communications.