From the web page:

http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/11/cyber/articles/12access.html

November 12, 1999

U.S. Law Aims at Helping Disabled

By PAMELA MENDELS

A lawsuit filed in federal district court in Boston last week is raising
the question of whether privately operated Internet services must be
accessible to the disabled.

But for Web sites put up by federal departments and agencies, the answer is
already in and the answer is "yes," at least for Web pages produced after
Aug. 7, 2000.

That is because of a law, signed by President Clinton last year, known as
Section 508, for the part of the federal Rehabilitation Act in which it is
found. Section 508 requires, among other things, that federal departments
and agencies enable people with disabilities to have access to
electronically disseminated information comparable to that enjoyed by the
general public.

That means that federal agencies providing information to the public
through Web sites must make sure the sites can be used by the blind, deaf
and others, said Douglas A. Wakefield, technology access specialist at the
Access Board, a small federal agency charged with drawing up standards to
carry out the new law. Measures to make sites accessible might include
assuring that important text can be read by a voice synthesizer for the
blind and placing captions on audio material for the deaf, he said.

The statute, which also requires, with a few exceptions, that electronic
information technology used by federal departments and agencies be
accessible to federal employees with disabilities, is separate from a more
publicized action involving the disabled: the suit filed last week against
America Online by a major organization representing people who are blind.
In that suit, the National Federation of the Blind is charging that the
America Online service is largely unusable by the blind and that, under the
public accommodation provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act, the
service must be accessible.

Disabled rights activists say Section 508 is important because it seeks to
ensure that the disabled are not left behind as a wealth of federal
government information, from weather data to federal income tax law
changes, move online. "Why should the government do it?" said Lawrence A.
Scadden, a senior program director for the National Science Foundation who
also served as chairman of a Section 508 advisory committee to the Access
Board. "The government is there to serve the people. We have passed the
period in time where the federal government can decide who it serves and
who it leaves out."

Not everyone expresses unreserved enthusiasm about the law. Some fear that
eventually the law could be extended to cover non-government Web sites,
creating another government regulation that could stifle a burgeoning
medium, said Edward L. Hudgins, director of regulatory studies at the Cato
Institute, a libertarian public policy research organization based in
Washington, D.C. "All too often, standards that start off as government
standards end up being foisted off on the private sector," he said.

As it stands now, however, the law applies to Web sites put up by about 105
federal departments and agencies, ranging from the Social Security
Administration to the Postal Service to the Department of Agriculture,
Wakefield said. The law does not cover federal courts and Congressional
offices. It also does not cover state governments or agencies, although
there may be a limited exception for certain technology centers that are
set up by states to assist the disabled and that receive U.S. Department of
Education money, Wakefield said.

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Exactly when all government Web pages must comply with the law is still
unclear.

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As for businesses, the law covers the Web sites of federal contractors when
those sites are created for federal department and agencies, Wakefield
said. In other words, a Web design house that created a Web site for a
federal department or agency under federal contract would have to make the
site accessible to the disabled. The law would not, however, cover sites
the design company created for private clients or even the company's own
site, Wakefield said.

Proposed standards for how to carry out the law are being drawn up now by
the Access Board, known formally as the Architectural and Transportation
Barriers Compliance Board, and are expected to be issued for public comment
by the end of the year.

Exactly when all government Web pages must comply with the law is still
unclear, Wakefield said. What can be said with certainty is that new Web
pages put up after August 7, 2000, when the law takes full effect, must
fully meet accessibility standards, he said.

Wakefield estimates that many government Web sites -- perhaps 75 to 80
percent -- are already "reasonably accessible." One reason is that they
have a more pointedly information-sharing mission than commercial sites,
which have a heavy marketing emphasis and, therefore, are filled with
flashy images and sound that often foil accessibility devices, he said.

Still, Wakefield said, some government sites can be frustrating to the
disabled. Sometimes, for example, documents are made available in PDF, a
format that cannot be read by devices that translate text into voice or
Braille and are used heavily by the blind. A simple alternative, he said,
would be to provide documents in a second, more accessible format as well.

Wakefield and others expect the law to have significant effect on Web site
accessibility. One reason is that there are a lot of federal Web sites. No
one has an exact count, because agencies can run numerous sites. But
Wakefield puts the number at "hundreds and hundreds."

Perhaps more important is that some of those sites get a lot of traffic,
and that could influence users' expectations when they turn to
non-government sites. The hope, Scadden said, is that government sites will
be an online bully pulpit for cyber-accessibility. "These Web sites will
become models for the private sector and individuals wanting to put up Web
sites," he said.



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