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The following blog on world football by Steve Sharra, a Malawian who
recently completed his doctorate in education at Michigan State
University, has been circulating on some Africa-related discussion lists.
I members of the AAM list interested in the politics of football might
appreciate the questions it raises.
Dean
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Monday, July 03, 2006
African football, global inequality and self-blame
By Steve Sharra
Much of the African media’s analyses on the reasons why no African team
went beyond the second round at the ongoing World Cup Finals in Germany
focus on two themes that reflect much of the African media’s analysis of
Africa’s problems: self blame, and an awe for Europe. Virtually no
analysis I have so far looked at mentions broader issues of global,
historical and political injustice and inequality, in how world cup berths
are allotted in the different FIFA confederations. In fact, a Rwandan
columnist repeats a common refrain about how Africans always blame
colonialism for their ills, when no such thing has even been mentioned in
any of the analyses and comments, whose uniting feature has been blaming
African teams for lacking self-confidence and resources. Such is the
strength of the reluctance to examine African problems in their broader
context that blaming colonialism is considered not only taboo, it is
brought up even when nobody mentions it.
In Malawi, The Nation newspaper of July 1 quoted national team players,
sports commentators and coaches as saying African teams lacked tactics and
“failed to properly read issues on the pitch and react quickly.” Another
player blamed it on lack of self-confidence, saying African teams gave a
lot of respect to the more experiences teams. The Zambian paper The Post
quoted the Nigerian coach Augustine Eguavoen as attributing the problem to
lack of experience, while the Business Day of South Africa quoted Farouk
Khan, youth development coach, as saying it boiled down to lack of
facilities to promote the sport in Africa. The Zimbabwean Independent put
their finger on “naivet.” There is no denying of the validity of each of
these issues.
However, missing from all of the analysis is any examination of historical
and political trends apparent in the development of the game since 1930,
the first time that the world cup finals were staged, in Uruguay, South
America. With the exception of Japan and South Korea in 2002, the world
cup finals have always been played in two regions, Europe and the
Americas. Is it much wonder, then, that the world cup has always been won
by teams from these two regions, and never from any other region of the
world? To date, after 17 world cup tournaments, in a period of 72 years
(as of 2002), only 7 seven teams in the world have ever won the FIFA World
Cup, all of them from either Europe, or South America. Is it such a big
surprise that these two regions boast the world’s most accomplished
footballing nations, and that other regions do not have such pedigree?
The inequality and injustice of the game’s organization is even more
blatant in the way world cup finals slots are apportioned. The continent
of Europe has 51 national football associations, and has 14 (15 in 2002)
world cup finals slots. Africa, which has 52 member associations, has only
5 slots, an improvement from 1978 when Africa was accorded only one slot.
South America has 10 associations, yet it claims 5 world cup places. Asia,
with 44 associations, has 4 places, while Oceania, with 11 associations,
has no slot of its own, relying on a victory in a play off with the 5th
placed in South America to be accorded a slot. Unstated in these
allocations is the fact that some of the teams that are accorded national
status in FIFA are not even sovereign nations. Examples include Scotland,
Wales and Northern Ireland, teams that do not have nation status at the
United Nations, yet they are accorded the opportunity to compete with a 3
to 1 chance of making it to the finals over sovereign African and Asian
nations. This not an argument against these teams’ world cup berths;
rather, it is an argument against the injustice and inequality facing
African and Asian nations.
To its credit, FIFA has been more open and accepting to demands from the
Confederation of African Football (CAF) for more places and support,
thanks to the two FIFA’s presidencies of Joao Havelange, a Brazilian, and
Sepp Blatter, a Swiss, who is the current president. According to Paul
Darby’s (2002) study of the development of football in Africa, politics
and colonialism have been apparent at each turn of the game. In his book
titled Africa, Football and FIFA: Politics, Colonialism and Resistance,
Darby argues that the contours of the development of football in Africa
reflect the struggles of African countries in global politics and history.
Writes Darby: “Africa’s position within FIFA’s global hierarchy can be
illustrated and informed by drawing upon explanations which take into
account of the globalization of culture, economic models of global
development and a range of perspectives in international relations” (p.
7).
Darby’s framework and approach, which lead him to conclude that Africa has
contributed a lot to world football, is shared by other researchers,
including Alegi (2004), Cornelissen (2004), and several others. This is
why I find it intriguing that much of the commentary in the African media
says nothing about the broader contexts in which African football has to
dribble and tackle. It does not take sophisticated thinking to understand
how more opportunities to play in the world cup finals translate into
improvement of the game back in the region accorded those opportunities.
The self-blame train, interestingly, does not see this point.
There is much to be admired in the tendency for Africans to blame
ourselves, contrary to those who claim that Africans like to blame others.
However there are broader contexts that must be taken into consideration,
to make the analysis more accurate. A lot of the self-blame can in fact be
seen as coming out of the inferiority complex that is widely, and perhaps
correctly, understood to plague many Africans, who never cease to see
Europe and America as the unmatched epitome of civilization and
advancement. Some of the self-blame also comes from an attitude of
Africans’ dissatisfaction with conditions in their own countries,
unbalanced with an acceptance of the status quo at the global level. These
are effects of a Eurocentric mindset, in which these particular Africans,
mostly from the elite ranks, have been schooled to view themselves through
European worldviews.
After several shots from the penalty box, Africa has finally scored into
the goal of the hosting rights to the 2010 world cup finals. A few
commentators have observed that Ghana’s performance in Germany has been
worthy of world cup finalists, and that to those who have followed
Ghanaian football, this has not been a lucky flick. Whereas hosting the
tournament on African soil does give African teams an added boost, the
reality of five slots, against historical domination and slot advantage
from Europe and South America, does not offer much hope for an African
team winning the cup. Africa’s victory lies in the gradual triumphs
registered so far, a reflection of the awareness of the inequality and
injustice of not only the world game but global relations as well, on the
part of Africa’s struggle leaders and other fair-minded individuals around
the world.
posted by mlauzi @ Monday, July 03, 2006
URL:
http://mlauzi.blogspot.com/2006/07/african-football-global-inequality-and.html
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