Dear Sir;
The African Americans did not "invent or/and contrive" Kwanzaa. It was
created based on African and African American harvest celebrations. I would
be happy to send you a bibliography on Kwanzaa if you are interested in
learning more or/and better. Also are you aware that Christianity existed
on the African continent before colonialization? I thank you for the
information on the Igue festival.
-----Original Message-----
From: AAM (African Association of Madison)
[mailto:[log in to unmask]]On Behalf Of Ademola Iyi-eweka
Sent: Friday, December 28, 2001 9:26 PM
To: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Iyi-Eweka Rendition of the Meaning of Igue Feastival - [A
Repost from Archive]
From: ademola iyi-eweka <aiyiewek@f...
Date: Tue Dec 28, 1999 12:25 pm
Subject: [edo-community] Edo culture and Tradition 5
IGUE FESTIVAL
The Christians have XMAS, the Muslims have the FEAST OF RAMADAN, the Jews
have the HANUKKAH, the African-American have the KWANZAA and the Edos have
the IGUE FESTIVAL. If African-American can invent and contrived a
festival called Kwanzaa, it will be sad day were the Edos to desert Igue
Festival. Inspite of all out Christian onslaught on IGUE FESTIVAL, it
has waxed stronger and stronger over the years. But what is most
astonishing and confusing to some christians and non-Edo speaking people ,
is the fact that no matter how an Edo man preaches and embraces Islam and
Christianity, he does not play with Igue Festival . It carries different
names in other Edo-speaking areas with the exception of Benin City and its
environ.
When an Edo man says he is celebrating IGUE FESTIVAL, what does he mean?
Igue festival ushers in the new year for every Edo-speaking man before the
incursion of the white man into our life. Igue emhasizes the " the ritual
of Head worship " by every Edo-speaking man. It takes place during this
time of year. The Yorubas shares this notion with the Edo people. Bolaji
Idowu in his book OLODUMARE , described it this way:
" Ori is the word for the physical head. To the Yoruba, however, the
physical , visible Ori is a symbol of Ori-Inu--the internal head, or the
inner person. And this is the very essence of personality. In the
belief of the Yoruba, it this ori that rules , controls and guides the life
and activities of the person.........Ori in its totality is an object of
worship. There are two reasons for this. First, as it is essence of
personality , it must be kept in good condition so that it may be well with
the person. Secondly, one must be on good terms with it, so that it may
favour one."
Describing an offering to the Ori, Idowu wrote: " To make an offering to the
ori, the physical ori is the common emblem. Kola-nuts, fish, fowl, or
animal victim may be offered. A piece of the kola-nut is stuck on the fore
head
" while the blood of the fowl or animal is smeared on it."
Ori means UHUNMWUN in Edo alnguage. When you substitute Ori with Uhunmwun,
you are looking at Edo man's belief about. his head To the Edo man, it is
the head that takes you through life journey. The head must be good to
perform this life's journey. Interwoven with this, is the belief of the
Edos in EHI-his second self-" The spiritual self that guides and protect
the temporal self."
Igue Festival is also the time the Oba and some chiefs are involved in AGWE
( fasting ). We do not know how fasting came into Edo man's religious life.
But it does takes place and the Oba goes into seclussion, not to be seen by
visitors. It may have been a christian/muslim influnce more than 500
years ago. It could have started on its own.
When the Oba and his chiefs break the fast, they are ready to perform UGIE
ERHA OBA-A ceremony honoring the oba's ancestors. The Edos believe in
ancestral worship and everybody joins the Oba in Ugie Erha Oba. The Edo
man's belief, is in no way different from that of the Jews, when they call
on the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.
The ceremony of the worship of the head-the real IGUE, of the reigning Oba
takes place openly at this festival. . This is followed by that of the
princes and princesses. This is rounded with up Ugie Edohia and Ugie Ewere
three days later. The Enogies and any traditional ruler in the ancient
kingdom, fixes their own dates in their respective domain after Ugie Ewere.
It is important to note that, it is this central point of the festival that
the christians and some muslims have consistently tried to undermine. If
they understood that their Holy Books emphazised that man is created in the
image of God, they would have understood the Edo man's belief. There are
no shrine, and no artifacts. It is nothing but an attempt by the Edo man
to thank OSANOBUWA-OSANUDAZI-OGHENE-OGHODUA also identified as the creator
God, the alpha and the Omega, the unmoved mover for GUIDING " the MAN "
through the vicissitudes of life.
The Edos do not use the Gregorian calendar when calculating the year. We
use the moons. From the Igue festival of 1896, you can understand what it
meant. The massacre of British troops at UGBINE on January 4th 1897, took
place at the height of the festival of the year-1896. It is necessary at
this point to explaln the meaning of the word UGIE. It simply means
FESTIVAL. You can now understand that the Igue festival is made up of many
festivals.
Before Ugie Edohia and Ugie Ewere comes Ugie Iron. This is a celebratory
reenacments of the conflicts between the Oba of Benin and the seven
hereditary chiefs-the UZAMAS. The royalists were triumphant. Other
historical incidents of the life of the Edos, such as the drowning of Oba
Ehengbuda and the assasination of an Iyase of Benin on the directives of an
Oba of Benin. The Ugie Iron -festival used to be separated from other
festivals by 4 to 14 days. This is Edo history being taught publicly
though songs and reenactments. One hundred years ago, we had no school.
We did not develop the art of writing. We wrote our history in
reenactments, songs, carvings and bronzes. The present day Igue festival is
a shadow of its former glory. Between 1897 and 1914, it was not celebrated.
Oba Ovonramwen was entombed by human security network of the British agent,
Sir Ralph Moor at Calabar. At this time in 1899, Iyase OKIZI was the
defacto Oba of Benin and not Chief Agho Obaseki. General Ologbose have
been captured and executed by the Biritish soldiers. The guerrilla warfare
led by General Ologbose had lost steam after the battle of Okemue. The
crown Prince Aiguobasimwin, later Oba Eweka II, was on the run with his own
military batallion. The Esans (Ishan) were still resisting British rule
especailly Irrua and Uromi. The Enogie of Uromi had made it known to the
British Resident that, he had not sufficiently explained to him, what they
have done to Oba Ovonramwen.
Iyase Okizi, was an Edo patriot and soldier, who organised the defence of
Ekiti land against the Ibadans. At his defence in 1897 trial after Benin
fell, he was more concerned with yoruba soldiers fighting on the side of the
British. Some of these soldiers he had trained in the art of warfare while
he was in Yoruba land. He did not deny his involment in the massacre of
1897. In fact, he gave the order to General Ologbose, to use all means
possble to prevent the white man, from making it to Benin through Ughoton.
When the British soldiers showed their faces, he gave the order to attack.
Since he was not physically on the scene of battle, the British agent could
not convict him. On him then rested the organisation of a civil
administration. He became the leader of the the Native Administration. He
started building a new palace for himself, having been told Oba Ovonramwen
was not coming back. He soon got involved in a running battle with other
chiefs especially the royalist and the Briitish agents. He died suddenly
in his sleep in the early days of 1900 without spending one night in his
new palace.
Igue festival came back with the restoration of the monarchy in 1914.
Chief Agho Obaseki, the right hand man of Oba Ovonramwen was now the Iyase
of Benin. The christians quickly moved in on both of them. Chief Agho
was converted to christianity. Oba Eweka II refused to celebrate Igue
festival of 1916/17. Then Influenza epidemic struck in 1918 in the after
math of the WORLD WAR 1. Thousands of Edo-speaking people died as a result
of the epidemic. The Edos blamed it on the non-observance of Igue
festival . Law and order almost broke down in Benin City as the common
man went rioting. The Governor had to send troops down to Benin to restore
order. The Governor was furious and was bent on punishing Oba Eweka II for
causing such a disturbance. A Commission of Inquiry was set up ostensibly
aimed at Oba Eweka II.
At the hearing, Oba Eweka II turned the table on the British Administration.
He laid the blame of non-observance of Igue Festival on the three people:
a) The Resident for supporting and encouraging Chief Agho Obaseki to
convert to christianity
b) The christians for converting his Iyase-the Prime Minister.
c) Chief Agho Obaseki for converting to an alien faith while holding on the
most highest traditional office in Edo land.
" I can not celebrate Igue Festival without my Iyase. When you took my
Iyase away, you took Igue festival with him," Oba Eweka II was reported to
have told the Commission of Inquiry. The Commission, in view of other
complaints, many of them false, recommended that Chief Agho Obaseki be
stripped of his titles and office. It was leaked to the old man, who had
gathered a lot enemies since 1897, when Oba Ovonramwen was taken into
captivity from chief Agho Obaseki's house. The very night the report left
Benin enroute to the Governor in Lagos, Chief Agho Obaseki died. THAT IS
THE POWER OF IGUE FESTIVAL ON THE EDO PEOPLE.
.
The present format of Igue festival is very different from that of 1896.
The Igue itself-where the Oba perform the head worshipping ritual used to be
hidden from the public. When the Christians and the enemies of the mornachy
continued to accused Oba of Eweka II of human sacrifices, he decided to
open it to the public. Some of the walls at Ugha Ozolua were pulled down.
Oba Akenzua II reorganised it into a fourteen day period. That is what we
have today.
We do not know when Igue festival started. It has been celebrated
continously for the past 500 years We do know that European travellers and
missionaries have written about it from 1600's. According to Alan Ryder
in his book, " Benin and the Europeans", the Spanish Capuchin Missionaries
were in Benin City, on August 10, 1651 and had problem having an audience
with the Oba. They came during the Igue festival of 1651. Here is how
Father Felipe de Hijar's described what he saw:
" The chief men of the city who, the natives say , number more than two
thousand , were entering the palace, all wearing the various costume
appropriate to the ceremony. They went in until they filled the four
courtyards of the palace., and as it was now one o'clock and the palace was
crowded and we entered the first court yard. Among those who were watching
us was a venerable old man who, by outward appearance , seemed a veritable
St. Peter. He made a sign that we should follow him. We were amazed
because we had never seen him before that moment, and also because the
negroes had always taken care that we should not see the sacrifices. In
the end we went with the old man from one court yard to another until we
reached the last one where, of his own accord, he told us to stand under
the gallery of the courtyard. In the middle of the gallery we found a
table on which lay the scimitars that were used to decapitate five men and
five animals of every species found in that country. They performed their
ceremonies, finished their cries; then the great men started to dance; and
the King with them, making a turn of the courtyard so that they caught sight
of us."
The Oba of Benin referred to here is probably Oba Ahenzae (ca1641-1661A.D),
the Oba who refused to see any white man, on the ground that an oracle had
predicted that , a Benin Oba would die in the hands of the white man.
The Spanish Capuchin Missionaries were promptly expelled from Benin City,
for seeing what they were not supposed to have seen. They were dumped at
Warrigi ( modern Warri) and warned never to return to Benin City
The Dutch traders have also left some documents for us. Alan Ryder again
quotes , A Raems writing to H Hertog on October 22 1736. Both of them were
members of the Dutch Trading Company based in Benin. Raems was reported to
have " witnessed a parade of Oba's wives, which pleased him far more than
the spectacle of the ceremonies performed for Oba's father ( Ugie-erhoba )"
Ugie Erhoba is Edo man's equivalent of a memorial/remembrance service of the
western world. The Oba on the throne at this time is probably Oba Akenzua I
( ca 1713-1735 A.D) Igue Festival have been here for about a thousand
years. It will be here for many years. It is heart and soul of Edo
nationalism.
ISELOGBE EDO!!!!
Ademola yi Eweka
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