From the web site http://www.w3.org
Here are the press release, fact sheet, English testimonials, and
member list of the World Wide Web Consortium related to its
establishment of Cascading Style Sheets (level 2) as an official
recommendation for technology based deployment of information. This
standard supports access by users with disabilities and is a good
example of serving the public interest through industry collaboration
and universal design.
----------
Press Release
W3C Issues CSS2 as a W3C Recommendation
12 May, 1998 --
Leading the Web to its full potential, the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) has today released the CSS2 (Cascading Style Sheets, level 2)
specification as a W3C Recommendation. The CSS2 specification
represents a cross-industry agreement on a wide range of
features for richer and more accessible Web pages. CSS2 builds
upon W3C's earlier Recommendation for CSS1, adding many new
features while remaining fully backwards compatible. A W3C
Recommendation indicates that a specification is stable,
contributes to Web interoperability, and has been reviewed by
the W3C Membership, who are in favor of its adoption by the
industry.
The CSS2 specification was written and developed by the W3C
Cascading Style Sheets and Formatting Properties (CSS&FP)
Working Group, which includes key industry players such as Adobe
Systems, Bitstream, Electricite de France, Hewlett Packard, IBM,
Lotus, Macromedia, Microsoft, Netscape, NIST, Novell, Silicon
Graphics, and SoftQuad; content specialists and invited experts
in the fields of typography, accessibility, and
internationalization; and document publishing input from Apple,
Hotwired, the Productivity Works, and Studio Verso. CSS2 has
also benefited from detailed review by the style sheet-using and
content-creation communities, through public mailing lists.
"Today's release of the CSS2 specification demonstrates the
effectiveness of the W3C process and is the culmination of more
than a year's work," said Chris Lilley, chair of the CSS&FP
Working Group. "CSS2 lets Web designers create compelling
documents, dynamic and design-rich, that also enhance
accessibility and contribute to internationalization."
Key Benefits
CSS2 has powerful design capability
In the past, designers have achieved amazing results with HTML
alone, for instance, by using tables to simulate margins and
transparent images to gain some control over whitespace. Often,
this had the unfortunate effect of locking the content into
fixed assumptions of window width and font size. CSS1 allows
designers to produce the same effects more easily and simply,
with finer control and flexibility in areas such as line spacing
and justification.
CSS2 includes all the capabilities of CSS1 and adds improved
typographic control, including dynamically downloadable fonts.
There are new positioning properties to control layout; for
example, to produce sidebars and navigation areas. Images and
text can be layered and overlapped and can be dynamically moved
around the screen with scripts. CSS2 also adds control over
table layout, particularly useful for XML documents, and allows
the automatic numbering of headings and lists.
"CSS2 will take Web design to new places," said Hakon Lie, W3C
Style Sheets Activity Leader who, in 1994, first proposed the
concept of Cascading Style Sheets. "CSS1 did a fine job of
replicating HTML extensions through style sheets. CSS2 does more
than just capture existing practice: it greatly expands the Web
designer's palette."
CSS2 makes the Web faster
On the Web today, it's common to create images of text in order
to control fonts and colors. Images are much bigger than text,
and the perceived slowness of the Web can, in part, be
attributed to this practice. Web pages also commonly contain
large numbers of repeated presentational markup, which makes the
pages unnecessarily large. CSS2 allows authors to express the
same rich styles, but is compact and text-based. Pages that use
CSS2 have been shown to be significantly smaller and to load
much faster than comparable image-based pages.
CSS2 enables cross-media publishing
The W3C Recommendation for CSS2 comes at a time when the same
Web content needs to be accessible and compelling on an
increasingly broad range of devices, from smart televisions to
cellular phones, and from in-car systems to distributed print
bureaus. Content creators can no longer afford to have their
work limited by fixed assumptions about the display. CSS2
provides solutions for cross-media publishing and graceful
repurposing of information.
CSS2 provides built-in accessibility
A side effect of reliance on tables for layout and images of
text for typography has been a reduction in accessibility of Web
pages for people surfing with image downloads turned off and for
visually impaired users browsing with screen readers. Moving
toward CSS removes presentational clutter from documents,
automatically increasing accessibility without compromising
visual design, and removes the necessity for hard-to-maintain
separate "text-only" pages.
"The advanced presentation capabilities offered by CSS2 provide
page designers full creative control without sacrificing
accessibility for Web users who have disabilities," said Judy
Brewer, Director of W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative
International Program Office. "In particular, CSS2 introduces
improved user control for layout, cascade priorities, support
for varied media types, and aural cascading style sheets to
control voice inflection."
CSS2 aids internationalization
There is an increasing need for the effective presentation of
Web pages in languages other than English, and for presentation
of documents in multiple languages. Matters such as writing
direction, font styles, and quoting conventions differ from one
written language to another. CSS2 makes significant steps toward
being able to display multilingual documents well.
CSS2 works well with XML
To date, CSS1 primarily has been applied to HTML documents,
although it has also been used with content written in XML. CSS2
adds features specifically targeted at displaying XML documents
since these have no built-in semantics or presentational
features; style sheets are thus essential for the deployment of
XML content.
Further information on CSS can be found at
http://www.w3.org/Style/css.
About the World Wide Web Consortium [W3C]
The W3C was created to lead the Web to its full potential by
developing common protocols that promote its evolution and
ensure its interoperability. It is an international industry
consortium jointly run by the MIT Laboratory for Computer
Science (LCS) in the USA, the National Institute for Research in
Computer Science and Control (INRIA) in France and Keio
University in Japan. Services provided by the Consortium
include: a repository of information about the World Wide Web
for developers and users; reference code implementations to
embody and promote standards; and various prototype and sample
applications to demonstrate use of new technology. To date, more
than 255 organizations are Members of the Consortium.
For more information about the World Wide Web Consortium, see
http://www.w3.org/
----------
Fact Sheet
CSS gives content creators, designers and readers the power
tools they need to realize the full potential of the their HTML
and XML documents. CSS2 includes all the power of CSS1, and adds
enhancements in several areas to make the Web more appealing for
both content providers and users.
The CSS2 Recommendation is based upon CSS1, a W3C Recommendation
issued in December 1996, and is a prerequisite for the Document
Object Model (DOM), W3C's platform- and language-neutral
interface, which allows programs and scripts to dynamically
access and update the content, structure, and style of
documents.
The CSS2 specification has been produced as part of the W3C
Style Activity. For further information about CSS, see
http://www.w3.org/Style/css/
Improved design capabilities
CSS2 offers precise control over the presentation of Web pages.
The ability to position elements explicitly greatly enhances
control of document layout, both on screen and in print.
Relatively positioned elements are shifted, by an amount
specified by the designer, from the position they would have
occupied in normal flow. Absolutely positioned elements are
taken out of the normal flow of text entirely, and can be placed
elsewhere to create navigation bars, indexes, and similar
features. Floated elements can be used to place text or graphics
in the margins, with text flowing around the floated element.
CSS2 has a rich WebFonts capability, offering dynamic download
of fonts from a Web site (just as images are downloaded today).
The fonts can be locked to a particular Web site and are not
installed on the client machines. WebFonts also includes the
information needed to synthesize fonts or to select similar
looking fonts on the client, if the fonts specified by the
designer are not available.
CSS selectors, which determine what style rules are applied to
which parts of the document, have been made more powerful in
CSS2. This gives designers greater flexibility and expressive
power, particularly when styling XML documents.
Fast and maintainable sites
Prior to style sheets, the markup needed to simulate common
typographic effects such as exdented headings, wide margins, and
drop capitals caused documents to bloat and tied them to a
single style of presentation. For example, without style sheets,
to make all headings appear in a particular font, extra markup
must be placed around every single heading in the document. It
is easy to miss one heading, giving an inconsistent look.
Redesigning such a document implies changing all of the tags.
"Consolidating all the presentation information into one part of
the document, and not having to repeat it, makes the document
shorter and simpler to edit," explained Chris Lilley, chair of
the CSS&FP working group that produced CSS2. "Moving it into a
separate style sheet is even better, allowing re-use and easing
maintenance."
The separation of style and content allows a single style sheet
to define the style for a group of related Web pages, or even an
entire Web site. The result is shorter documents, which in turn,
load faster. Once the first document has loaded, the rest are
even faster because the browser need only fetch the style sheet
once. A recent W3C study showed that using CSS with W3C's
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) and HTTP/1.1 can dramatically
reduce page download times and ease the load on the global
Internet.
Write once, read anywhere
CSS2 introduces the concept of named media. Portions of a style
sheet can be marked as only applying to certain media. For
example, one part of a style sheet can set colors just for the
screen, one part can set margins for when the page is printed,
and the rest can specify what is common to both screen and print
media.
Audio presentation of Web content -- using speech synthesis --
is an attractive alternative for accessing information,
particularly suitable for home entertainment, industrial and
medical information systems, and in-car browsers. CSS2 allows
designers to control how HTML and XML documents are spoken,
including the volume, speed, stress, and richness of the
computer generated voices. The stereo position of voices, audio
clips, and background music can also be controlled with CSS2.
Accessible to all
Besides the significant increase in accessibility of Web pages
that use style sheets, CSS2 includes a number of specific
features that improve accessibility. Users, as well as document
authors, can specify style sheets; these are cascaded together
to produce the end result. User style sheets can range from
simple (e.g., increasing the overall size of the text) to
complex (e.g., specifying full aural rendering). The ability to
select elements with particular attributes and to generate
content allows users to specify that, for example, alternate
text ("alt" text) or titles on images should be displayed. Auto
numbering of headings can also be a useful navigation aid.
Internationalization
Continuing the W3C goal of ensuring a truly World Wide Web, the
members of the W3C CSS&FP Working Group drew on the experience
of leading experts on internationalization and fonts. To
accommodate internationalization, CSS2 fully supports the
international ISO 10646 character set, allowing authors to
manage differences in language, text direction, and character
encoding schemes. CSS2 can display left-to-right, right-to-left,
or mixed text such as a Hebrew document, containing a French
quote, which itself contains a phrase in Arabic.
CSS2 enables document authors to apply specialized formatting to
portions of documents depending on the language in which they
are written. Font sets can be constructed to display
multilingual documents. CSS2 extends list numbering to allow
additional international styles. In addition, CSS2, when coupled
with internationalization features, makes it easier to seach
through content.
The CSS2 Package
The CSS2 Recommendation is supported by the W3C CSS2 Package,
consisting of the CSS2 Validation Service, a set of W3C Core
Style Sheets, and the CSS Test Suite. The CSS2 Package will help
document authors use CSS2 and also help developers create
CSS2-compliant software.
W3C CSS2 Validation Service
Today, W3C expanded its HTML Validation Service to include full
CSS validation (both levels 1 and 2) at
http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator. Content providers can be
sure their style sheets are valid, either by giving the Web
address or by pasting the style sheet into a form.
The service outputs error and warning messages, suggests style
sheet improvements, and formats the corrected style sheets so
they are easy to read.
"Browsers silently ignore style sheet errors, doing their best
to work around errors," said Bert Bos, co-architect of CSS and
one of the editors of the CSS2 Recommendation. "That's good for
the user but doesn't help authors correct bugs. The best way to
know whether your style sheets are correct is to run them by the
CSS Validation Service."
W3C CSS Core Style Sheets
The Core Style Project proposes a modular architecture for Web
style sheets. It builds upon the CSS1 Base Style Sheet
incorporated into the CSS2 Recommendation. The project aims to
promote cascadability among Web style sheets of diverse origins
by providing style authors with generic, yet attractive models
and bases for their own elaboration.
Shared CSS style sheets offer benefits to Web site developers,
content providers, and users alike. Style sheet reuse means less
site management and more consistent appearance. Consistency
sends a strong message about corporate identity. It also
improves accessibility by making it easier to navigate the site.
Shared styles free content providers from the burden of
rewriting style rules for each document. The cascade gives them
the best of both worlds: reuse and extensibility.
"With CSS2 and the Core Styles," said Todd Fahrner, the Studio
Verso designer behind the Core Style Sheets, "CSS moves beyond
the 'good idea' phase and becomes a critical element of a new,
more attractive and manageable Web, where substance and style
complement one another as peers."
The W3C Core Style Sheets page
(http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/Core/) explains how to link to
the style sheets and provides samples that illustrate the
effects of the Core Styles. W3C will continue to add to these
Core Styles and intends to make css.w3.org a gallery of style
sheets contributed by Web designers for communal consumption.
W3C CSS Test Suite
To ensure that pages designed with CSS work best on any browser,
W3C is releasing a reference suite of CSS test documents
(http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test).
"The W3C CSS Test Suite is a tool for implementors to ensure
interoperability with other CSS-based software," said Eric Meyer
of Case Western Reserve University, who is coordinating the test
suite efforts. "Key contributions from Tim Boland of NIST, W3C
and the Web community have produced a test suite that covers all
of CSS1". The Test Suite will be completed with CSS2 test
documents in the near future.
Implementors can conduct tests on their CSS clients (authoring
tools, browsers, format converters, etc.) by reading test suite
documents and verifying the results against the expected
rendering described in the test suite.
W3C Recommendation Process
Specifications developed within W3C working groups must be
formally approved by the Membership. Consensus is reached after
a specification has proceeded through the following review
stages: Working Draft, Proposed Recommendation, and
Recommendation.
Working Drafts are written by a Working Group, who typically
meet by teleconference every week and also meet in person four
to six times a year. Once stable, working drafts are submitted
by working groups to the W3C Director for consideration as a
Proposed Recommendation. Upon the Director's approval, the
document becomes a Proposed Recommendation and is forwarded to
the W3C Membership, who votes whether it should become an
official W3C Recommendation. The W3C Advisory Committee --
comprised of one official representative from each Member
organization -- submits one of the following votes on the
Proposed Recommendation: yes; yes, with comments; no, unless
specified deficiencies are corrected; no, this Proposed
Recommendation should be abandoned.
During the Member review and voting period (approximately 6
weeks), the Working Group resolves minor technical issues (if
any) and communicates its results to the W3C Director. After
this time, the Director announces the disposition of the
document; it may become a W3C Recommendation (possibly with
minor changes), revert to Working Draft status, or may be
dropped as a W3C work item.
----------
Testimonials
"Inclusion of aural cascading style sheets (ACSS) in
CSS2 brings one step closer the vision of ubiquitous
information access in a manner best suited to the
user's needs. Motivated initially by the need to
present Webformation efficiently to users with visual
impairments (see Emacspeak for the first ACSS enabled
user environment) -- ACSS will have a significant
impact on the use of the WWW by functionally blind
users such as automobile drivers wishing to browse
information when on the road. Like the invention of
the telephone (which was a direct consequence of work
on hearing aids) ACSS once again proves the benefits
of work on alternative interfaces to all users."
-- T. V. Raman, Advanced Technology Group, Adobe
Systems Incorporated
"Together with W3C and NIST, Case Western Reserve
University has established a CSS1 test suite. This
suite is provided freely and openly to browser
developers and Web designers alike, so that they may
test current and upcoming implementations of CSS
support. Testing will soon expand to cover CSS2 as
well, and will be improved over time by community
feedback and input. CWRU is proud of its role in
creating this suite, and we hope it will be useful to
the Web community as a whole."
-- Eric A. Meyer, Hypermedia Systems Manager, Case
Western Reserve University
"Electricite de France, the largest electricity
producer in the world, believes that CSS 2 is a major
spec that will help us building, managing and
distributing our internal documents, and will make the
distribution of our on-line corporate information
easier. We are now waiting for vendors' support and
expect from their tools a full conformance to the
specification. We'd like to congratulate W3C for this
spec and especially for the Aural Style Sheets
section."
-- Jean-Marie Bernard, Chief of Data Processing and
Applied Mathematics Department, Electricite de France
"CSS2 is a major step forward in bringing precise
control of visual design to the web. As members of the
W3C and as an active participant in the CSS working
group, Macromedia is committed to increasing the web's
expressiveness and helping to develop leading-edge
tools that support the W3C standards for web
designers."
-- Sho Kuwamoto, Senior Software Engineer, Macromedia
Dreamweaver
" W3C has successfully moved a critical standard
forward with CSS2. Microsoft is committed to standards
and provides leading support for CSS today in Internet
Explorer 4.0."
-- David Cole, Vice President of Web Client and
Consumer Experience Division, Microsoft
"Today's announcement regarding the Cascading Style
Sheets 2 specification (CSS2) is great news for
Internet users and the Internet developer community at
large. CSS provides a style sheet language which gives
developers and users rich control over the display of
HTML and XML documents. As the first commercial
product to demonstrate the use of Cascading Style
Sheets with both HTML and XML in the source code for
Netscape Communicator 5.0, Netscape continues to
recognize the importance of open standard technology
and the role the W3C plays in its development.
Netscape looks forward to supporting CSS2 in a future
version of Communicator."
--Jim Hamerly, Vice President, Client Products,
Netscape
"CSS2 will vastly improve the ability of an HTML
authors and users to obtain the formatting results
they desire without recourse to awkward HTML
constructs never intended for the purpose. In
addition, CSS2's inclusion of support for aural style
sheets will be important for both the visually
impaired as well as those who need to get information
without reading a computer screen or printout."
-- Douglas Rand, Technical Staff, Web Publishing,
Silicon Graphics, Inc.
"SoftQuad has always been committed to providing
standards-based solutions to our customers. The new
CSS2 specification represents an important milestone
in defining interoperable style formats for use on the
web. The style sheet language includes many important
features and functions web authors have been asking
for. We are committed to providing more CSS support in
our authoring tools."
-- Lauren Wood, Technical Product Manager, SoftQuad,
Inc.
"With CSS2 and the Core Styles, CSS moves beyond the
'good idea' phase and becomes a critical element of a
new, more attractive, and manageable Web, where
substance and style complement one another as peers."
-- Todd Fahrner, Studio Verso
----------
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Members
(This file was last updated Fri May 15 11:54:39 EDT 1998 )
* ABN-AMRO Bank
* Access
* Access Company Limited
* Adobe Systems Inc.
* Aérospatiale
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* Agfa Division, Bayer Corp.
* Agranat Systems, Inc.
* Alcatel Alsthom Recherche
* Alfa-Omega Foundation
* Alis Technologies, Inc.
* Allaire Corporation
* America Online, Inc.
* American International Group Data Center, Inc. (AIG)
* APACS
* Apple Computer, Inc.
* ArborText, Inc.
* Architecture Projects Management Ltd.
* ArrowPoint Communications
* Asymetrix Corporation
* AT&T
* Attachmate Corporation
* Autodesk, Inc.
* BackWeb Technologies, Inc.
* BELGACOM
* Bellcore
* Bitstream, Inc.
* Boeing Company, The
* Bristol, University of
* British Telecommunications Laboratories
* Bull S.A.
* Canal +
* Canon, Inc.
* Cap Gemini Innovation
* CCTA
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* CERN
* CIRAD
* CITIBANK, N.A.
* CN Group
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* CNRS
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* CompuServe Network Services, Inc.
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(CCL)
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* Disney Online
* Distributed Systems Technology Centre (DSTC Pty Ltd)
* DoubleClick
* Eastman Kodak Company
* École Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique et de
Mathématiques Appliquées (ENSIMAG)
* EDF
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* ENEL
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* First Virtual Holdings, Inc.
* FirstFloor Software, Inc.
* Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH)
* France Telecom
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* goodcompany.com
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Council
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* NTT Mobile Communications Network, Inc. (NTT DoCoMo)
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* Qualcomm Inc.
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* RealNetworks
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* Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
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* S.W.I.F.T. sc
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* Sema Group
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* SLIGOS
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* Software Publishers Association (SPA)
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* StarBurst Communications
* Strategic Interactive Group
* Stuart McIntosh
* Sun Microsystems, Inc.
* surfCONTROL
* SURFnet bv
* Swedish Institute for Systems Development (SISU)
* Tandem Computers Inc.
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* Telecom Colombia
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* Terisa Systems, Inc.
* Texcel Group
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* TIAA-CREF
* Toshiba Corporation
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* VeriSign, Inc.
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* Wolfram Research, Inc.
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