* Today in Black History - October 9 *
1823 - Mary Ann Shadd (later Cary) is born free in Wilmington,
Delaware, the eldest of thirteen children. She will
become the publisher of Canada's first anti-slavery
newspaper, "The Provincial Freeman", devoted to displaced
African Americans living in Canada. This also makes her
the first woman in North America to publish and edit a
newspaper. She will then become a teacher, establishing
or teaching in schools for African Americans in
Wilmington, Delaware, West Chester, Pennsylvania, New
York, Morristown, New Jersey, and Canada. She will also
be the first woman to speak at a national Negro
convention. In 1869, she will embark on her second
career, becoming the first woman to enter Howard
University's law school. She will become the first
African American woman to obtain a law degree and among
the first women in the United States to do so. She will
join the ancestors on June 5, 1893.
1894 - Eugene Jacques Bullard is born in Columbus, Georgia. He will
become the first African American military pilot. He will
be one of only a few Black combat pilots in World War I,
along with Ahmet Ali Çelikten. On November 15, 1916, he will
join 269 American aviators at the Lafayette Flying Corps of
the French Air Service, which is a designation rather than a
unit. American volunteers will fly with French pilots in
different pursuit and bomber/reconnaissance aero squadrons
on the Western Front. On August 27, 1917 he will be assigned
to the Escadrille N.93 based at Beauzée-sur-Aire south of
Verdun, where he will stay until September 13, 1917. The
squadron will be equipped with Nieuport and Spad aircraft
that bear a flying duck as its squadron insignia. His service
record will also include the aero squadron N.85 (Escadrille
SPA 85), September 13, 1917 – November 11, 1917, which has a
bull insignia. He will take part in about twenty combat
missions. He will receive fifteen decorations from the
government of France. His medals will include Legion of Honor,
Médaille militaire, Croix de guerre with bronze star, Volunteer
combatant's cross 1914–1918, Combatant's Cross, Insignia for
the Military Wounded, Victory Medal, Verdun Medal, Somme Medal,
World War I Commemorative Medal, Commemorative medal for
voluntary service in Free France, and World War II Commemorative
Medal. He will join the ancestors on October 12, 1961. In 1972,
his exploits as a pilot were retold in a biography, "The Black
Swallow of Death." He will also be the subject of the nonfiction
young adult memoir "Eugene Bullard: World's First Black Fighter
Pilot" by Larry Greenly. On August 23, 1994, thirty-three years
after his death, and seventy-seven years to the day after the
physical that should have allowed him to fly for his own country,
he will be posthumously commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the
United States Air Force. His medals will be exhibited permanently
at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton,
Ohio.
1906 - Léopold Sédar Senghor is born in Joal, Senegal, French West Africa
(now in Senegal). He will become a poet and president of Senegal
from 1960 to 1980. He will attempt to modernize Senegal's
agriculture, instill a sense of enlightened citizenship, combat
corruption and inefficiency, forge closer ties with his African
neighbors, and continue cooperation with the French. He will
advocate an African socialism based on African realities, free of
both atheism and excessive materialism. He will seek an open,
democratic, humanistic socialism that shuns such slogans as
"dictatorship of the proletariat." A vigorous spokesman for the
Third World, he will protest unfair terms of trade that work to
the disadvantage of the agricultural nations. In 1984, he will be
inducted into the French Academy, becoming the first Black member
in that body's history. He will join the ancestors on Decmber 20,
2001.
1920 - William Emanuel Huddleston is born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He will
become a jazz multi-instrumentalist and composer, better known as
Yusef Lateef. He will become a proficient saxophonist by the time of
his graduation from high school at the age of 18, when he will launch
his professional career and begin touring with a number of swing
bands. The first instrument he will buy is an alto saxophone, but
after a year he will switch to the tenor saxophone, influenced by the
playing of Lester Young. In 1949, he will be invited by Dizzy
Gillespie to tour with his orchestra. In 1950, he will return to
Detroit and begin his studies in composition and flute at Wayne State
University. It will be during this period that he converts to Islam
as a member of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, and changes his name
to Yusef Abdul Lateef. In the late 1960s, he will begin to incorporate
contemporary soul and gospel phrasing into his music, still with a
strong blues underlay, on albums such as "Detroit" and "Hush'n'Thunder."
He will express a dislike of the terms "jazz" and "jazz musician" as
musical generalizations. As is so often the case with such
generalizations, the use of these terms do understate the breadth of
his sound. For example, in the 1980s, he will experiment with new-age
and spiritual elements. In 1960, he will again return to school,
studying flute at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City. He
will receive a Bachelor's Degree in Music in 1969 and a master's degree
in music education in 1970. Starting in 1971, he will teach courses in
"autophysiopsychic music" at the Manhattan School of Music, and he will
become an associate professor at the Borough of Manhattan Community
College in 1972. In 1975, he will complete his dissertation on Western
and Islamic education and earn a Ed.D. in Education from the University
of Massachusetts Amherst. In the early 1980s, he will be a Senior
Research Fellow at the Center for Nigerian Cultural Studies at Ahmadu
Bello University in the city of Zaria, Nigeria. Returning to the US in
1986 he will take a joint teaching position at the University of
Massachusetts and Hampshire College. In 2010, he will receive the
lifetime Jazz Master Fellowship Award from the National Endowment for
the Arts (NEA), an independent federal agency. Established in 1982, the
National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Masters award is the highest honor
given in jazz. The Manhattan School of Music, where he earned a
bachelor's and a master's degree, will award him its Distinguished
Alumni Award in 2012. His last albums will be recorded for Adam
Rudolph's "Meta Records". To the end of his life, he will continue to
teach at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Hampshire College
in western Massachusetts. He will join the ancestors on December 23,
2013, at the age of 93.
1929 - Ernest Nathan "Dutch" Morial is born in New Orleans, Louisiana.
He will become the first African American mayor of New Orleans in
1978 and be re-elected in 1982. He will join the ancestors on
December 24, 1989. New Orleans will rename its convention center,
which spans over 10 blocks, the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center
in 1992 for the late mayor. In 2005, the convention center will
become a highly publicized national symbol when it serves as a
makeshift evacuation center in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.
In 1997, the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center will
posthumously honor him with the dedication of the Ernest N. Morial
Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Disease Center. The facility is
Louisiana's first comprehensive center for the education, prevention,
treatment and research of asthma and other respiratory diseases.
He suffered and eventually died from complications associated with
asthma. In 1993, he will be named one of the first thirteen inductees
into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield,
the first African American to be so honored.
1940 - The White House releases a statement which says that government
"policy is not to intermingle colored and white enlisted personnel in
the same regimental organizations."
1958 - Michael "Mike" Singletary is born in Houston, Texas. He will become a
second-round draft pick for the Chicago Bears in 1981. He will be the
first or second leading tackler for each of his eleven seasons. Over
his career he will amass 1488 tackles (885 solo), 51 passes defended,
13 fumble recoveries, and 7 interceptions. He will be an All-NFC
selection nine straight years from 1983-1991, will be selected to ten
consecutive Pro Bowls, and Defensive Player of the Year in 1985 and
1988. He will be elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1995
and enshrined in the Football Hall of Fame in 1998. He will later
pursue a career as a coach, first as a linebackers coach for the
Baltimore Ravens, then as the linebackers coach for the San Francisco
49ers. In 2008, the 49ers will promote him to the head coaching
position after previous head coach Mike Nolan is fired during the
season and he will remained in that position until he was fired with
one game remaining in the 2010 season. In 2011, he will join the
Minnesota Vikings coaching staff as the Linebackers Coach/Assistant to
the Head Coach.
1961 - Tanganyika becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.
1962 - Uganda gains its independence from Great Britain.
1963 - Uganda becomes a republic within the British Commonwealth.
1989 - The first NFL game with a team coached by an African American, Art Shell,
takes place as his Los Angeles Raiders beat the New York Jets 14-7 on
Monday Night Football.
1999 - Milt Jackson, a jazz vibraphonist who made the instrument sing like the
human voice as a longtime member of the Modern Jazz Quartet, joins the
ancestors at the age of 76. He succumbs to liver cancer in a Manhattan
hospital.
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