*              Today in Black History - November 10         *

1879 - Andrea Evangelina Rodríguez Perozo is born in San Rafael 
	de el Yuma, La Altagracia, Dominican Republic. She will
	become the first female medical school graduate in the 
	Dominican Republic. Her parents will join the ancestors
	when she is a child and her paternal grandmother will 
	take charge of her. In addition to her medical work, she 
	will also become an author and publish her first book 
	"Granos de polen" in 1915, and subsequently publish some 
	poems and articles in the magazine "Fémina." On her return 
	from the French capital, she will publish a second book, 
	entitled "Le Guerisseur: Cuento Chino Bíblico Filosófico 
	de Moral Social." Her biographer Antonio Zaglul will also 
	indicate that she prepares the manuscript of a novel titled 
	"Selene" in honor of her adoptive daughter, but will 
	destroy it in a fit of anger. Zaglul will also state that 
	she will be seized for her opposition to the regime of 
	Rafael Leónidas Trujillo and her strong criticism of the 
	government, and that she will be held in a fortress in San 
	Pedro de Macoris and tortured. She will be later abandoned 
	on a road near the town of Hato Mayor. She will join the 
	ancestors on January 11, 1947, after several days of agony.

1891 - Granville T. Woods obtains a patent for the electric 
	railway.

1898 - The Wilmington coup d'état of 1898, also known as the 
	Wilmington massacre of 1898 or the Wilmington race riot 
	of 1898, begins in Wilmington, North Carolina and will
	continue for several days. It will be considered a 
	turning point in post-Reconstruction North Carolina 
	politics. The event will be credited as ushering in an 
	era of severe racial segregation and disenfranchisement 
	of African Americans throughout the Southeastern United 
	States. Laura Edwards will write in "Democracy Betrayed"
	(2000), "What happened in Wilmington became an affirmation 
	of white supremacy not just in that one city, but in the 
	South and in the nation as a whole." Originally described 
	by European-Americans as a race riot, the events will
	eventually be classified as a coup d'etat, as white 
	Democratic Party insurgents overthrew the legitimately 
	elected local government. A mob of nearly 2,000 men will
	attack the only black newspaper in the state, and persons 
	and property in black neighborhoods, killing an estimated 
	15 to more than 60 victims. Two days after the election of 
	a Fusionist white mayor and biracial city council, 
	two-thirds of which was white, Democratic Party white 
	supremacists will illegally seize power and overturn the 
	elected government. Led by Alfred Waddell, who was defeated 
	in 1878 as the congressional incumbent by Daniel L. Russell
	(elected governor in 1896), more than 2,000 white men will
	participate in an attack on the black newspaper, "Daily 
	Record," burning down the building. They will run officials 
	and community leaders out of the city, and kill many blacks 
	in widespread attacks, especially destroying the Brooklyn 
	neighborhood. They will take photographs of each other 
	during the events. The Wilmington Light Infantry (WLI) and 
	federal Naval Reserves, ordered to quell the riot, will 
	become involved with the rioters instead, using rapid-fire 
	weapons and killing several black men in the Brooklyn 
	neighborhood. Both black and white residents will later 
	appeal for help after the coup to President William 
	McKinley, but his administration will not respond, as 
	Governor Russell does not request aid. After the riot, more 
	than 2,100 blacks will leave the city permanently, having to 
	abandon their businesses and properties, turning it from a 
	black-majority to a white-majority city.

1898 - The National Benefit Life Insurance Company is organized in 
	Washington, DC, by Samuel W. Rutherford. National Benefit will 
	be the largest African American insurance company for several 
	years.

1919 - Moise Tshombe is born near Musumba, in the then-Belgian Congo. 
	He will lead a secessionist movement in Katanga, the Congo's 
	(Zaire) richest province in 1960, following independence from 
	Belgium. In January 1963, UN forces will succeed in capturing 
	Katanga, driving him into exile in Northern Rhodesia, later to 
	Spain. In July 1964, he will return to the Congo to serve as 
	prime minister in a new Coalition government. Scarcely a year 
	later he will be dismissed from his position in October 1965 by 
	President Joseph Kasavubu. In late 1965, Prime Minister Joseph 
	Mobutu, who had staged a successful coup against President 
	Kasavubu, will bring charges of treason against him. He will 
	again flee the country, this time settling in Spain. In 1967, he 
	will be sentenced to death in absentia. On June 30, 1967, a jet 
	aircraft in which he was traveling will be hijacked. He will be 
	taken to Algeria, jailed, then placed under house arrest. He will 
	join the ancestors on June 29, 1969, the official cause of death
	listed as "death from heart failure".

1930 - Clarence M. Pendleton, Jr. is born in Louisville, Kentucky. He will 
	become the first African American chairman of the United States 
	Civil Rights Commission in 1981 (through 1988), where he will 
	oppose affirmative action and busing to achieve school desegregation. 
	He will support the Reagan social agenda and hence come into conflict 
	with long-established civil rights dogma. He will oppose the use of 
	cross-town school busing to bring about racial balance among pupils. 
	He will challenge the need for affirmative action policies because 
	he will claim that African Americans could succeed without special 
	consideration being written into law. Under his tenure, the 
	commission will be split by an internal debate over fundamental 
	principles of equality under the law. The commission will narrow the 
	description of legal and political rights at the expense of social and 
	economic claims. The debate will center principally between him and 
	Mary Frances Berry, an original appointee of President Jimmy Carter. 
	Democrat Morris B. Abram, also a Reagan appointee, will be vice 
	chairman under him. He will describe "an intellectual sea change" at 
	the agency with the conservative view dominant at that time. Authorized 
	under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the commission will be 
	reconstituted by a 1983 law of Congress after Reagan dismisses three 
	commissioners critical of his policies. He will join the ancestors on 
	June 5, 1988 after succumbing to a heart attack.

1951 - Hosea Richardson becomes the first African American jockey to ride in 
	Florida. 

1956 - David Adkin is born in Benton Harbor, Michigan. He will become a comedian 
	and actor, better known as "Sinbad." He will get his big break on 
	television's "Star Search" in 1984. He will appear in the television 
	series "Different World," and become the emcee of "Showtime at the 
	Apollo." His movie credits will include "Necessary Roughness," "The 
	Meteor Man," "Coneheads," "Sinbad-Afros and Bellbottoms," "The Frog 
	Prince," "The Cherokee Kid," "Jingle All The Way," "First Kid," " and 
	"Good Burger." He will also produce and emcee the successful "Soul 
	Music Festivals" that were held annually for a few years in Caribbean 
	countries.

1957 - Charlie Sifford becomes the first African American to win a major 
	professional golf tournament, by winning the Long Beach Open.

1960 - Andrew Hatcher is named associate press secretary to President John F. 
	Kennedy. He is the highest-ranking African American, appointed to date, 
	in the executive branch. 

1968 - Ida Cox, blues singer of such songs as "Wild Women Don't Have the Blues," 
	joins the ancestors in Knoxville, Tennessee.

1989 - The Rhythm and Blues Foundation presents its first lifetime achievement 
	awards in Washington DC. Among the honorees are bluesman Charles Brown, 
	Ruth Brown, Percy Sledge ("When a Man Loves a Woman"), and Mary Wells 
	("My Guy").

2006 - Gerald Levert, the fiery singer of passionate Rhythm & Blues love songs 
	and the son of O'Jays singer Eddie Levert, joins the ancestors at the age 
	of 40, at his home in Cleveland, Ohio.

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