* Today in Black History - November 22 *
1865 - The Mississippi legislature enacts "Black Codes" which
restrict the rights and freedom of movement of the
freedmen. The Black Codes enacted in Mississippi and
other Southern states virtually re-enslave the
freedmen. In some states, any white person could
arrest any African American. In other states, minor
officials could arrest African American "vagrants" and
"refractory and rebellious Negroes" and force them to
work on roads and levees without pay. "Servants" in
South Carolina were required to work from sunrise to
sunset, to be quiet and orderly and go to bed at
"reasonable hours." It was a crime in Mississippi for
African Americans to own farm land. In South Carolina,
African Americans have to get a special license to
work outside the domestic and farm laborer categories.
1871 - Louisiana Lt. Governor Oscar J. Dunn, joins the ancestors
suddenly in the midst of a bitter struggle for control
of the state government. Dunn aides charge that he was
poisoned.
1884 - T. Thomas Fortune founds the "New York Freeman", which
later becomes the "New York Age."
1884 - The Philadelphia Tribune is founded by Christopher J.
Perry.
1891 - Alrutheus Ambush Taylor, teacher and historian, is born in
Washington, DC. He will become Fisk University's Dean. He
and other local African American historians will come
under the influence of Dr. Carter G. Woodson, who spoke
in Nashville on several occasions. In 1941, Taylor will
publish a Tennessee study from the African American
perspective. Taylor titled his study, "The Negro in
Tennessee, 1865-1880." Taylor's book will go beyond
slavery and cover Reconstruction history and various
aspects of African American life, including business and
politics. He will join the ancestors in June, 1954 after
succumbing to a cerebral hemorrhage.
1930 - The Nation of Islam is founded in Detroit.
1942 - Guion S. Bluford, Jr. is born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
He will become a aerospace engineer, a Colonel in the U.S.
Air Force and fighter pilot, and NASA astronaut. He will
participate in four Space Shuttle flights between 1983 and
1992. In 1983, as a member of the crew of the Orbiter
Challenger on the mission STS-8, he will become the first
African American in space as well as the second person of
African descent in space, after Cuban cosmonaut Arnaldo
Tamayo Méndez. He will be inducted into the International
Space Hall of Fame in 1997, and inducted into the United
States Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2010. In 2002, scholar
Molefi Kete Asante will include him on his list of 100
Greatest African Americans.
1957 - The Miles Davis Quintet debuts with a jazz concert at
Carnegie Hall in New York.
1961 - Frank Robinson becomes the first baseball player to be
named "Most Valuable Player" in both major leagues.
1965 - Muhammad Ali defeats Floyd Patterson. Ali, a recent
convert to the Muslim faith, taunts the former champ
and ends the fight in 12 rounds to win the world
heavyweight title.
1968 - A portrait of Frederick Douglass appears on the cover
of Life magazine. The cover story, "Search for a Black
Past," will be the first in a four-part series of
stories in which the magazine examines African
Americans, a review of the last 50 years of struggle
and interviews with Jesse Jackson, Julian Bond,
Eldridge Cleaver, Dick Gregory, and others.
1986 - 24 year-old George Branham wins the Brunswick Memorial
World Open. It is the first time an African American
wins a Professional Bowlers Association title.
1986 - Mike Tyson, 20 years, 4 months old, becomes the
youngest to wear the world heavyweight boxing crown
after knocking out Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas.
1988 - Bob Watson is named assistant general manager of the
Houston Astros, the team where he began his
professional career in 1965. One of a select few
African American assistant general managers in the
sport, Watson's spikes hang in the Baseball Hall of
Fame for scoring baseball's 1,000,000th run in 1976.
2016 - President Barack Obama awards the Presidential Medal
of Freedom, the country's highest civilian honor, for
the last time. The honorees include Diana Ross, Kareem
Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan and Cicely Tyson.
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