* Today in Black History - September 15 *
1830 - The first National Negro Convention begins in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
1852 - Edward Alexander Bouchet is born in New Haven, Connecticut.
He will become a physicist and educator and will be the
first African American to earn a Ph.D. from any American
university, completing his dissertation in physics at Yale
in 1876. On the basis of his academic record he will be
elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society. In 1874, he will
become one of the first African Americans to graduate from
Yale College. Although he is elected to Phi Beta Kappa
along with other members of the Yale class of 1874, the
official induction did not take place until 1884, when the
Yale chapter was reorganized after thirteen years of
inactivity. Because of the circumstances, Bouchet was not
the first African American elected to Phi Beta Kappa as
many historical accounts state; that honor belongs to
George Washington Henderson (University of Vermont).
Bouchet was also among the first 20 Americans (of any
race) to receive a Ph.D. in physics and was the sixth to
earn a Ph.D. in physics from Yale. Bouchet will move to
Philadelphia in 1876 and take a position at the
Philadelphia's Institute for Colored Youth (now Cheyney
University of Pennsylvania), where he will teach physics
and chemistry for the next 26 years. He will resign in
1902 at the height of the W. E. B. Du Bois-Booker T.
Washington controversy over the need for an industrial
vs. collegiate education for blacks. He will spend the
next 14 years holding a variety of jobs around the country.
Between 1905 and 1908, Bouchet was director of academics
at St. Paul's Normal and Industrial School in
Lawrenceville, Virginia (presently, St. Paul's College).
He will then be principal and teacher at Lincoln High
School in Gallipolis, Ohio from 1908 to 1913. He will
join the faculty of Bishop College in Marshall, Texas in
1913. Illness will finally force him to retire in 1916.
He will move back to New Haven where he will join the
ancestors on October 28, 1918, in his childhood home at
age of 66.
1876 - White terrorists attack Republicans in Ellenton, South
Carolina. Two whites and thirty-nine African Americans are
killed.
1890 - Claude McKay is born in Sunnyville, Jamaica. Emigrating to
the United States in 1912, he will be come a poet and
winner of the 1928 Harmon Gold Medal Award for Literature.
Author of the influential poetry collection "Harlem
Shadows", he will also be famous for the poems "The
Lynching," "White Houses," and "If We Must Die," which
will be used by Winston Churchill as a rallying cry during
World War II. He will join the ancestors on May 22, 1948.
1898 - The National Afro-American Council is founded in Rochester,
New York. Bishop Alexander Walters of the AME Zion Church
is elected president. The organization proposes a program
of assertion and protest.
1911 - Silas Hogan is born in Westover, Louisiana. He will learn
to play the guitar as a teenager and will be performing
regularly by the late 1930s. He will be influenced by
Jimmy Reed, as were Lazy Lester and Slim Harpo. He will
relocate to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, by the early 1950s
and, equipped with a Fender electric guitar, will form
the Rhythm Ramblers, with Isaiah Chapman (lead guitar),
Jimmy Dotson (drums), and Sylvester Buckley (harmonica).
They will stay together for almost ten years and will
contribute to the development of the Baton Rouge blues
sound. In 1962, when Hogan was 51, Slim Harpo will
introduce him to J. D. "Jay" Miller, a record producer
based in Crowley, Louisiana. Miller, through the offices
of Excello Records, will start Hogan's recording career,
at a time when interest in variations of swamp blues was
waning. Several singles by Hogan were nevertheless
released until 1965, when Miller's disagreement with the
record label's new owners brought the recording contract
to an abrupt end. On some of his recordings, Hogan will
be backed by the harmonica player Moses "Whispering"
Smith. Hogan had to disband the group and return to his
full-time job at the Exxon oil refinery. In the late
1970s, he will record additional tracks for Arhoolie and
Blue Horizon. He will join the ancesters on January 9,
1994 of heart disease, at the age of 82.
1913 - Roger J. "Ram" Ramirez is born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He
will grow up in New York and will start playing piano at a
young age. He will become a jazz pianist and composer. His
first professional performances were in the early 1930s. In
1933 he will play with Monette Moore, then with Rex Stewart
and Sid Catlett in New York. He will join Willie Bryant in
1935, and tour Europe with Bobby Martin in 1937. During the
first half of the 1940s, he will play with Ella Fitzgerald,
Frankie Newton, Charlie Barnet, John Kirby, and Catlett, in
addition to leading his own band. He will write "Lover Man
(Oh, Where Can You Be?)" in 1942, which will become a jazz
standard following Billie Holiday's recording of it two
years later. He will freelance into the mid-1950s, when he
will add the electronic organ to his instruments. In 1953,
he will be in one of Duke Ellington's small groups, as a
substitute. He will again tour Europe in 1968, this time
with T-Bone Walker. In 1979 and 1980, he will be part of the
Harlem Blues and Jazz Band, including four appearances in
Germany. He will also freelance after this, and retire for
health reasons in 1987. He will join the ancestors after
succumbing to kidney failure in Queens, New York City on
January 11, 1994.
1915 - Julius "Nipsey" Russell is born in Atlanta, Georgia. He
will become a comedian and actor. He will star in "Car 54
Where Are You?" (the movie), "Barefoot in the Park,"
"Masquerade Party, and Varsity Blues." He will also be a
panelist on "Match Game" and "Hollywood Squares." He will
join the ancestors on October 2, 2005.
1923 - The governor of Oklahoma declares that Oklahoma is in a
"state of virtual rebellion and insurrection" because of
Ku Klux Klan activities. Martial law is declared.
1924 - Robert Waltrip "Bobby" Short is born in Danville, Illinois. He
will become a singer and pianist. In 1968, he will be offered
a two-week stint at the Caf� Carlyle in New York City, to
fill in for George Feyer. He (accompanied by Beverly Peer on
bass and Dick Sheridan on drums) will become an institution at
the Carlyle, as Feyer had been before him, and will remain
there as a featured performer for over 35 years. In 2000, The
Library of Congress will designate him a Living Legend, a
recognition established as part of its bicentennial celebration.
He will join the ancestors on March 21, 2005.
1928 - Julian Edwin Adderly is born in Tampa, Florida. He will be
best known as "Cannonball" Adderly, a jazz saxophonist who
will play with Miles Davis as well as lead his own band
with brother Nat Adderly and musicians such as Yusef
Lateef and George Duke. Songs made famous by him and his bands
include "This Here" (written by Bobby Timmons), "The Jive
Samba," "Work Song" (written by Nat Adderley), "Mercy, Mercy,
Mercy" (written by Joe Zawinul) and "Walk Tall" (written by
Zawinul, Marrow and Rein). He will join the ancestors on August
8, 1975. Later that year, he will be inducted into the Down Beat
Jazz Hall of Fame.
1942 - Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa is born in Shabani, Southern Rhodesia.
He will be a Zimbabwean revolutionary and politician who currently
serves as the third President of Zimbabwe since 24 November 2017.
A member of ZANU–PF and a longtime ally of former President Robert
Mugabe, he held a series of Cabinet portfolios and was Vice-President
of Zimbabwe under Mugabe until November 2017, when he was dismissed
before coming to power in a coup d'état. He was officially
inaugurated as the third President of Zimbabwe on 26 August 2018
after winning the 2018 Zimbabwean general election. Mnangagwa was born
to a large Shona family. His parents were farmers, and in the 1950s he
had to move with his family to Northern Rhodesia because of his
father's political activism. There, he became active in anti-colonial
politics, and in 1963, he joined the newly-formed Zimbabwe African
National Liberation Army, the militant wing of the Zimbabwe African
National Union (ZANU), and returned to Rhodesia in 1964. Leading a
group called the "Crocodile Gang", he attacked white-owned farms in the
Eastern Highlands. In 1965, he bombed a train near Fort Victoria (now
Masvingo) and was imprisoned for ten years, after which he was released
and deported back to Northern Rhodesia, by then independent as Zambia.
He then studied law at the University of Zambia and later at the
University of London, and practiced as an attorney. He soon left legal
private practice and went to Portuguese Mozambique to rejoin ZANU. There
he was assigned to be Robert Mugabe's assistant and bodyguard,
accompanying him to the Lancaster House Agreement, which resulted in the
recognised independence of Zimbabwe in 1980. After independence,
Mnangagwa held a series of senior Cabinet positions under Mugabe. From
1980 to 1988, he was the country's first Minister of State Security, and
oversaw the Central Intelligence Organisation. His role in the
Gukurahundi massacres, in which thousands of Ndebele civilians were
killed and which occurred during his tenure, is controversial. Mnangagwa
was Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs from 1989 to
2000 and then served as Speaker of the Parliament from 2000 to 2005, when
he was demoted to Minister of Rural Housing for openly jockeying to
succeed the aging Mugabe. He returned to favour during the 2008 general
election, in which he ran Mugabe's campaign, orchestrating political
violence against the opposition Movement for Democratic Change –
Tsvangirai. Mnangagwa served as Minister of Defence from 2009 until 2013,
when he became Minister of Justice again. He was also appointed First
Vice-President in 2014 and was widely considered to be a leading candidate
to succeed Mugabe. He was dismissed from his positions by Mugabe in
November 2017, and fled to South Africa. Soon after, General Constantino
Chiwenga, backed by elements of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and members of
Mnangagwa's Lacoste political faction, launched a coup. After losing the
support of ZANU–PF, Mugabe resigned, and Mnangagwa returned to Zimbabwe to
assume the presidency. He secured his first full term as President in the
July 2018 election with 50.8% of the vote.
1943 - Actor and activist Paul Robeson acts in the 296th performance of
"Othello" at the Shubert Theatre in New York City.
1945 - Jessye Mae Norman is born in Augusta, Georgia. She will become an
opera singer and recitalist. A dramatic soprano, Norman is associated
in particular with the Wagnerian repertoire, and with the roles of
Sieglinde, Ariadne, Alceste, and Leonore. She has been inducted into
the Georgia Music Hall of Fame and is a Spingarn Medalist. Apart from
receiving several honorary doctorates and other awards, she has also
received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, the National Medal of
Arts, and is a member of the British Royal Academy of Music.
1956 - Jacqueline Maureen Graham is born in Birmingham, England. She will
become a Rhythm and Blues singer-songwriter better known as Jaki Graham.
Following her hit version of "Could It Be I'm Falling in Love" with
David Grant in 1985, she will score a further five UK Top 20 hits over
a two-year period. In 1994, her cover version of Chaka Khan's hit
"Ain't Nobody" will reach number one on the U.S. Billboard Dance Chart.
1962 - Aubrey Matthews is born in Pascagoula, Mississippi. A wide receiver from
Delta State University, he was never drafted by an NFL team, but will
play 11 NFL seasons for the Atlanta Falcons, the Green Bay Packers and the
Detroit Lions.
1962 - Earnest Alexander Byner is born in Milledgeville, Georgia. He will be a
a fullback at East Carolina University from 1980 to 1983 where he will gain
2,049 yards on 378 carries. He will be drafted by the Cleveland Browns in
the tenth round (280th pick overall) of the 1984 NFL Draft. He will play
for the Browns (1984–1988; 1994–1995), Washington Redskins (1989–1993) and
the Baltimore Ravens (1996–1997). He will finish his 14-year NFL career
ranked 16th on the NFL's all-time rushing list with 8,261 yards on 2,095
carries, with 56 touchdowns. He will also catch 512 passes for 4,605 yards
and 15 touchdowns, return 33 kickoffs for 576 yards, and score a touchdown
on a recovered fumble, totaling 13,442 all-purpose yards and 72 career
scores. In addition to his #16 rushing yards ranking at the time of his
retirement, he will finish his career within the NFL's top 50 all-time
leaders in rushing attempts, rushing touchdowns, and total yards. His 512
receptions is tied for 13th most by halfback/fullback/running back in NFL
history as of 2018. He is now the running back coach of IMG Academy, a
comprehensive football camp that is featured in "NFL Undiscovered," a
documentary for international prospects.
1963 - Four African American schoolgirls - Addie Collins, Denise McNair,
Carol Robertson and Cynthia Wesley - join the ancestors after
being murdered in a bombing at the Sixteenth Street Baptist
Church in Birmingham, Alabama. It is an act of violence that
will galvanize the civil rights movement.
1964 - Rev. K.L. Buford and Dr. Stanley Smith are elected to the
Tuskegee City Council and become the first African American
elected officials in Alabama in the twentieth century.
1966 - Sherman Douglas is born in Washington, DC. He will become a professional
basketball player in the National Basketball Association. He will play
college basketball at Syracuse University and professionally for the Miami
Heat, Boston Celtics, Milwaukee Bucks, New Jersey Nets and the Los Angeles
Clippers from 1989 to 2001. His nickname, The General is a play on his
first name and his position as a point guard (as a floor general). He was
known for revolutionizing the running "floater" shot in the lane.
1967 - Dexter Anthony Carter is born in Baxley, Georgia. He will play college
football for Florida State University before playing in the National
Football League. In 1990, he will be drafted in the 1st round by the 49ers,
the winner of the previous 2 Super Bowls, with the hopes of taking some of
the running game responsibility from Roger Craig as well as serving as the
primary kick returner. He will lead the team in rushing in his rookie season
with 460 yards after Craig missed 5 games with injury. He will be the second-
leading rusher in 1991 behind Keith Henderson, but will then fall on the
running back depth chart the following year and became almost exclusively a
kick returner after that. He will be a contributor in this capacity to the
49ers' Super Bowl XXIX team in 1994. In 1996, he will be selected as a member
of the 50th Anniversary 49er Modern Era All-Time Team. After Super Bowl XXIX,
he will sign a free agent three-year contract with the New York Jets. He
will struggle on his new team, fumbling 7 times (losing 4) in 10 games before
being cut on November 8. He will then be picked up by the 49ers and resumed
his role as their kick and punt returner the next week. He will create NFL
history that season by becoming the only player ever to record at least one
touch and one all purpose yard in 17 regular season games. He did this by
playing for the Jets before their bye week and being signed by the 49ers
after their bye week. He will finish his 7 NFL seasons with 1,042 rushing yards
and 5 touchdowns, along with 59 receptions for 652 yards and 2 touchdowns. On
special teams, he returned 138 punts for 1,358 yards and 2 touchdowns, while
also returning 250 kickoffs for 5,412 yards and 2 touchdowns.
1969 - Large-scale racially motivated disturbances are reported in
Hartford, Connecticut. Five hundred persons are arrested and
scores are injured.
1977 - Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is born in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. She will
become a writer whose works range from novels to short stories to nonfiction.
While she was growing up, her father James Nwoye Adichie was a professor of
statistics at the University of Nigeria. Her mother Grace Ifeoma was the
university's first female registrar. The family lost almost everything during
the Nigerian Civil War, including both maternal and paternal grandfathers.
In 2008, Adichie was awarded a MacArthur Genius Grant. She was described in
The Times Literary Supplement as "the most prominent" of a "procession of
critically acclaimed young anglophone authors [who] is succeeding in
attracting a new generation of readers to African literature". She has written
the novels "Purple Hibiscus" (2003), "Half of a Yellow Sun" (2006), and
"Americanah" (2013), the short story collection, "The Thing Around Your Neck"
(2009), and the book-length essay "We Should All Be Feminists" (2014). Her
most recent book, "Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen
Suggestions," was published in March 2017.
1978 - Muhammad Ali wins the world heavyweight boxing championship
for a record third time by defeating Leon Spinks in New Orleans,
Louisiana.
1987 - Boxer, Thomas "Hit Man" Hearns, becomes the first African American
to win boxing titles in five different weight classes.
1991 - San Diego State freshman, Marshall Faulk, sets the NCAA single game
rushing record of 386 yards.
1993 - Joshua Michael Richardson is born in Edmond, Oklahoma. He will
become a professional basketball player in the National
Basketball Association (NBA). He will play college basketball for
the Tennessee Volunteers, earning first-team all-conference honors
in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) as a senior in 2015. He will
be selected in the second round of the 2015 NBA draft by the Miami
Heat. On August 3, 2015, he will sign with the Heat after
averaging 11.8 points and 2.8 rebounds in 10 summer league games.
On September 18, 2017, he will sign a four-year, $42 million
contract extension with the Heat. On December 1, 2017, he will
score a career-high 27 points in a 105–100 win over the Charlotte
Hornets. On December 16, 2017, he set a new career high with 28
points in a 90–85 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On February
7, 2018, he will have a 30-point effort in a 109–101 loss to the
Houston Rockets. On October 18, 2018, he will score a game-high
28 points in a 113–112 win over the Washington Wizards. On
October 29, he will score a career-high 31 points in a 123–113
loss to the Sacramento Kings. On November 3, he will set a new
career high with 32 points in a 123–118 loss to the Atlanta Hawks.
On February 10, 2019, he will score a career-high 37 points and
make eight 3-pointers in a 120–118 loss to the Golden State
Warriors. He will miss games at the end of the season with heel
and groin injuries. On July 6, 2019, Miami will trade him to the
Philadelphia 76ers.
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