Below is the text version of what Prince sent to us - thank you sir.
 
Soffie
 
  

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO 

 

 

AFRICA IN MICROFORM 

 

 

in conjuction with the African Studies 

Associ,ationof the United Kingdom 

 

General Editor: Neville Rubin 

 

ANNUAL DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS 

R.ELATING TO 

THE GAMBIA 

1881-1966 

 

 

Introduction by 

 

D. C. Dorward, B.A., M.A., PhD. 

Lecturer in African History 

La Trobe University 

hlelbourne, Australia 

 

1981 

 

An EP Microform Limited Publication 

Published by EP Microform Ltd 

East Ardsley, Wakefield 

Yorkshire WF3 2AT 

England 

 

ISBN 0 7158 5320 1 

 

ANNUAL DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS RELATING TO 

 

THE GAMBIA 

 

The Annual Departmental Reports relating to the Gambia are a
complementary series to the earlier microform collection of Annual
Reports of the Governor, Blue Books and Government Gazettes, titled
Government Publications relatinq to the GamTiia (EP Microform, 1975).
For the purposes of organization, the departrnfxal reports have been
divided into nine sections;  Administration, Finance, Judicial and
Police, Natural Resources, Social Services, Transport and Public Works,
Communications and Post Office Savings, Commerce and Miscellaneous.
Within each section, departmental series have been organized in
chronological order, prefaced by selected extraordinary reports and
sessional papers of particular relevance, and followed by related
sub-sections. Specific bibliographic and historical information relating
to discrete collections, as well as more complete explanations of the
functions and activities where titles are not self-explanatory, are
given in the detailed departmental list below. 

 

The former British Colony and Protectorate of the Gambia has been
referred to as an "historical accident in political geography", (1) one
of the kinder descriptions ofthistiny riverine enclave, so often the
butt of pejorative humour. Extending along the river some three hundred
miles into the side of Senegal yet rarely more than ten kilometers wide
on either river bank, it has a total area of only 4,003 square miles.
Yet it was the river which attracted European traders in the first
place, the very raison d'etre for The Gambia. To quote Lady Southorn,
"...the river dominates the Colony - in fact it can claim that 'l'etat
c'est moi'."(2) With its wide mouth and deep bar, the Gambia River for
centuries proved one of the major avenues into the West African
hinterland, being navigable by ocean sailing craft for some 265 miles,
to a distance of 288 miles by boats with a draft of less than one
fathom. 

 

Modern European commercial. and political connection with the Gambia can
be traced back to the arrival of the Portugese in the fifteenth century.
In 1455 and 1456 Portugese expeditions under the command of Alvise de
Cadamosto (a Venetian) and Antoniotto Usi di Mare (a Genoese) first
explored the lower reaches of the river. It was during the second
expedition  that a sailor named Andrew died and was buried on Saint
Andrew's (later James) Island in the Gambia, the first of many European
visitors who were to succumb to "fever" (mal-aria, yellow fever, etc.)
over the next four centuries. The Portugese even attempted to establish
settlements along 

the river, one of the earl-iest attempts at European colonization of
Tropical Africa (predating the founding of Luanda by a century or Table 

 

1 Berry N. Floyd, 'The Gambia; A Case of the Role of Historical Accident
in Political Geography', Journal of the Sierra Leone Geoqraphical
Association, X (1966), 22-38. 

 

Lady Southorn, The Gambia; The Story of the Groundnut Colony (London,
1952), 21. 

 

Bay by nearly two centuries). Though without permanent success these
settlements fostered a Portugese heritage, not only in the mulatto
(Conpradores) population, but also in loan-words, place-names (the town
of Geregia is said to derjve from the Portugese word for "church" -

igereja), in architecture and boat building techniques and design.
However disease took its toll, while the Gambia proved no El Dorado.
Slaves, hides, peppers, wax, ebony, ivory, even a little gold were to be
had, but such were available in greater quantities elsewhere along the
coast. The 

Gambia was soon overshadowed, though never entirely forsaken. During
subsequent centuries the lure of rich trade with the interior was to
attract merchant-venturers from Portugal, Spain, France, England, the
Netherlands, and Courland, as well as pirates and privateers. 

 

From the mid-seventeenth century the principal European rivals for
control of the Gambia trade were the British, based on James Island
which they had captured from the Courlanclers in 1661, and the French,
located from 1680 onwards at Albreda on the north bank just below James
Island. These ill-designed, often poorly provisioned little fortified
trading posts, their garrisons generally sorely depleted by disease,
rarely proved effective against attack. They were' demolished,
abandoned, and rebuilt with monotonous regularity as the Gambia was
buffeted by the ebb and flow of the power struggles of Europe. For
example, in a period of just over twenty-

Five years Fort James was three times captured by the French, in 1695,
1702 and 1704. The garrison mutinied in 1708 and the fort lay abandoned
from 1709 to 1713. In 1719 it was seized and demolished by interlopers
and in 1721 the new garrison mutinied. In addition several disasters
were narrowly averted by buying1 off the would-be attackers. 

 

Between 1765 and 1783 Fort James formed part of the brief-lived British
colony of Senegambia, created following the British seizure of the
French station at Saint Louis on the bank of the River Senegal. British
interests on the Gambia River were to be represented by a Superintendent
of Trade resident at Fort James who was ostensibly responsible to the
Governor at Saint Louis. Of the first Governor at Senegambia, Colonel
Charles O'Hara, it has been written, "He had apparently an overmastering
aversion to correspondence, and his dispatches are so sporadic that they
give a very incomplete picture both of his doings as Governor and the
fortunes of the  Province under his rule".(3) 

 

The Senegambia did not commend itself to men of the highest calibre and
its history, briefly stated, is a rather sordid tale of strife amongst
its various officers, punctuated by frequent deaths. In particular, the
relations between the Superintendent of Trade on the Gambia and his
erstwhile superior at Saint Louis were more often those of mutual enmity
than co-operation. A French fleet effectively put an end to Senegambia
in 1779, when it recaptured Saint Louis and razed Fort James. Later in
the year a British squadron landed a garrison at Goree Island, recently
abandoned by the French, south of Cape Verde off the Senegalese coast,
but no attempt was made to rebuild Fort James which, with one transient
exception during the Napoleonic Wars, was not again to be reoccupied by
the British as a defensive position. 

 

Eveline C. Martin, "The-British West African Settlements, 1750-1821
(London, 1927), 76. 

 

-2-

 

In 1783, by Act of Parliament, the Gambia reverted to the jurisdiction
of the Committee of the Company of Merchants Trading in Africa, but this
was merely a legal nicety without consequence. French interests were
focused at Albreda, while British private traders were scattered along
the river. As in the past, trading factors on the Gambia were embroiled 

in the Anglo-French wars between 1793 and 1815, during which time much
of the the trade of the Gambia fell into the hands of American
merchants, who were able to trade with both sides under a flag of
neutrality (or any other which proved convimient) and undercut their
rivals with cheap New England rum and Virginia tobacco. Even war between
Britain and the United States did not eliminate the American presence;
'I... in March 1814, an unnamed Americen brig attacked a Liverpool brig
off Senegal with indecisive results. What was apparently the same vessel
-believed owned by James de Wolf (of Rhode Island) -showed up in the
Gambia a few days later under Spanish colors and loaded four hundred
slaves". (4) 

 

It was the slave trade which attracted European merchants to the Gambia
and it was the desire to control that trade which lay behind the
frequent clashes between European interests on the Gambia. When the
British government prohibited its subjects from engaging in the slave
trade from 1808, British merchants felt themselves to be at a distinct
disadvantage.  It was asserted that the so-called 'legitimate' trade, in
items such as hides, gum, wax, ivory, etc., would languish in
competition with the slave trade. Consequently, in order to suppress the
slave trade, on the 20th July 1815 the IEarl of Bathurst, the Secretary
of State, authorized Governor Maccarthy of Sierra Leone to reoccupy
James Island or "... any other situation in that neighbourhood (which)
offers superior advantages either in point of defence or as a commercial
establishment...". 

(5) 

In March 1816 a detachment of the Royal African Corps from Goree under
the command of Captain Alexander Grant arrived at the river. After a
tour of inspection it was decided that Banjol Island at the mouth of the
Gambia, rather than James Island further up-stream, offered the more 

satisfactory defensive location for the control of commerce on the
river.  Hence, in April, an agreement was negotiated with the local
African ruler, the King of Kombo, who ceded Banjol, renamed Saint Mary's
Island by the British. 

 

For a number of years thereafter the legal position of the new garrison
settlement, known as Bathurst, remained uncertain. Technically it was
still within the area OF jurisdiction of the moribund Company of
Merchants Trading in Africa and the British government was reluctant to 

incur more than modest expense, much less direct responsibility. It was
not until 1821 that  Bathurst was formally incorporated, as part of a
general administrative reorganization of British West Africa, under the
authority of the Governor of Sierra Leone, resident at Freetown. 

 

4 George Brooks, Jr., Yankee Traders, Old Coasters and African Middlemen
(Boston, 1970), 69-77]. 

 

5 Earl of Bathurst to Governor Maccarthy, 20 July, 1815, Public Record
Office, CO 268/14. Quoted in J.M. Gray, A History of the Gambia
(Cambridge, 19401, 298. 

-3-

 

For the sake of convenience Bathurst was administered from 1816 to 1821
through the Governor of Sierra Leone but was not a part of the latter
colony. The real authority and driving force at Bathurst was Alexander
Grant, who served as Commandant of the Gambia Settlement from 1816 to
1817, 1819 to 1820, and 1822 to 1823. Under his leadership the
settlement grew, despite appalling conditions and an almost suicidal
mortality rate. In 1818 Governor Maccarthy established, subject to his
review, a local court and civil government for Bathurst, a Committee of
Merchants, to advise the Commandant. 

 

The administration of the Gambia from Freetown proved to be a highly
unsatisfactory arrangement since communications were very difficult,
prevailing winds and currents making the passage by sail from Freetown
to Bathurst a long and arduous journey. Consequently in 1827 the 

Commandant at Bathurst was given special permission to correspond
directly with the Secretary of Stateand, in 1829, became titled
"Lieutenant-Governor". Yet the Gambia remained tied to Sierra Leone,
legislation relating to the Gambia still had to be forwarded to Freetown
for enactment and possible revision by the Legislative Council, while
all important civil and criminal cases continued to be tried before
judges from Sierra Leone. These continuing links resulted in needless
time-consuming complications. Hence, in 1842, a Parliamentary Select
Committee recommended that the Gambia be fully dissociated from Sierra
Leone.(6) The following year the Gambia became a separate colony with
its own Governor, Legislative and Executive Councils, and Judiciary. 

 

The actual colonial territory of the Gambia, as distinct from the
ill-defined British sphere of influence, was quite small, consisting of
a piecemeal collection of scattered holdings amounting to only about
sixty-nine square miles. In addition to the original Saint Mary's
Island, there was a convalescent station on Cape Saint Mary, acquired in
1821 and regularized by treaty in 1827. In 1840 the expanse of the Cape,
known as British Kombo or Kombo St. Mary, was formally incorporated as
Crown Land. Meanwhile, in 1823, Major Grant had procured by treaty
Lemaine Island, renamed Maccarthy Island, as a base from which to
protect British traders on the upper navigable reaches of the river.
However Fort George, as the garrison with its mudearthworkswas styled,
remained an isolated outpost. Of more immediate importance to Bathurst
was the 

accretion of the "Ceded Mile". British fears of yet another war with
France and of the growtli of French influence on the north bank, led
them in 1826 to extract under duress a concession from the King of Barra
of a strip of the north shore opposite Bathurst, from Junnak Creek on
the 

west to Jakadu Creek on the east for a depth of one geographical mile,
excluding the French station at Albreda which was thus encircled. After
a war with the Mandingo on the north shore in 1832, the "Ceded Mile" was
extended in the west to the Atlantic Ocean. Under the Anglo-French 

Convention of 1857, Albreda was eventually ceded to the British in
return for British enunciation of rights in the Portendic (Mauritania)
gum trade. Finally, in 1827, Major-General Sir Neil Campbell, Governor
of Sierra Leone, had acquired by treaty with the King of Brikama a site
on 

the south bank below Mai-Carthy's Island, as well as concessions at the
port of Fattatenda on the upper river. 

 

Report of the Select Committee on the West Coast of Africa (1842) 

While the colony thus grew in size, it also grew in population. Not only
was British territory a refuge for escaped slaves and fugitives from the
surrounding countryside, during the 1820s and 1830s, until Lt-Governor
Mackie put a stop to indiscriminate immigration, Bathurst served as an
overspill area for the increasing numbers of recaptives liberated by the
Anti-Slave Trade quadron at Freetown, as well as a dumping ground for
undesirables from Sierra Leone. These recaptives 

not only served as a labour force to build Bathurst, they provided the
core of its early pupulation. 

 

In 1866, as the result )of yet another Parliamentary Select Committee
report,(7) the Gambia, .the Gold Coast and Lagos were incorporated under
the authority of the Governor of Sierra Leone, styled the Governer-in-
Chief of the West Africen Settlements. The official in charge of the
Gambia was demoted to "Administrator", assisted by a small advisory
council. Moreover, in -the same year, the French Government put forward
tentative proposals for the cession of the Gambia to France in return
for french territory elsewhere along the coast. From the 1850s to the
1880s the Gambia area wi3s embroiled in the Soninki-Marabout wars which
disrupted trade, threatened to involve the British colony, and thus
encouraged those who wished to relinquish the Gambia.  The fate of the
colony hung in the balance while negotiations dragged on over the next
two decades. The Britisliauthoritieswere divided and even those in the
Government who advocated cession of the Gambia tended to set too high a
price on it, with the result that negotiations broke down and the Gambia
remained British. Naturally while this had been going on the ever
parsimonious British Government had been reluctant to develop an
investment which it might at any moment surrender. 

 

In 1874 Lagos and the Gold Coast were separated from Sierra Leone.
Despite faster and more reliable steamships, centralized control
continued to prove impractical. Onthe other hand the Gambia was not
reconstituted as a separate colony until 1888.(8) The cession of the
Gambia to France was still being discussed in Parliament in 1876,
besides the Gambia had a net revenue surplus which could be set against
the deficit in the accounts of Sierra Leone. 

 

The Colony of the Gambia in 1888 was the same size as it had been nearly
fifty years earlier, with most of the area along the river no more than
an undefined British sphere of influence. With only minor alterations,
the modern boundaries of the Gambia were laid down in the Anglo-French
Convention of 1889, the most striking feature being that for over half
its length the Gambia was defined as the territory within ten kilometers
of the banks of the river. The convention suddenly increased the area of
direct British responsibility from a Colony of some sixty-nine square
miles to include a Protectorate of nearly four-thousand square miles.
The extension of the system of British Crown Colony government to the
diverse polities of the newly 

acquired territory was impractical. In January 1893 two Travelling
Commissioners were ppointed for the north and south banks,respectively. 

By an Order-in-Council in November 1893 the Legislative Council of the
Gambia 7 Report of the Select Committee on Africa (West Coast) (1865). 

 

8 Though the Executive and Legislative Councils were immediately
restored, the title of 'Administrator' was not upgraded to 'Governor'
until 1901. 

-5- 

was empowered to promogulate Ordinances for the administration of the
Protectorate. The Protectorate Ordinance of 1894, which laid the
foundation for British indirect administration in the Gambia, declared; 

'I... all native laws and customs in force in the Protected Territories
which are not repugnant to natural justice nor incompatible with any
ordinance of the Colony which applies to the Protected Territories,
shall have the same effect as regulations made under this ordinance."
Subsequent Ordinances, published in the Government Gazette, were to
extend the sphere of colonial laws and regulations applicable to the
Protectorate. Ordinance No. 30 of 1913 repealed all the previous
Ordinances and brought a11 their various provisions systematically
together in a single Protectorate Ordinance. 

 

The next maior iuncture in the administrative historv of the Gambia came
"" with the appointment of Herbert Richmond Palmer as Governor, in 1933.
Palmer issued a Political Memorandum for the Guidance of Commissioners
and other Government OfFicers Workinq in the Protectorate and a series
of Ordinances desiqned to brinq the Gambia Protectorate into line with
the administrative-theories of-Lord Lugard and Sir Donald Cameron.
Though the mass of regulations issued by Palmer led to few immediate
changes to the system established under the 1913 Ordinance (which was
repealed in 1935), Palmer brought about a change in the philosophical
attitudes and assumptions within the administration. By his action he
clearly underscored the distinction between the administrative apparatus
of the Colony and of the Protectorate. It was not until 1944 that
effective measures began to be taken to define Native Authorities and
institute Native Treasuries, by which time British rule in the Gambia
was about to enter its final phase, that of de-colonization; however,
not even the emerging nationalist leaders, albeit few in the Gambia,
probably conceived of the Gambia as an independent state in 1965. 

 

In 1946 changes were introduced which allowed for a parity of unofficial
members in the Legislative Council (three nominated unofficial members,
two representatives of the Africans of Bathurst and a representative of
the commercial interests, had sat on the Council since 1915). Moreover
one member was to be elected from a common roll to represent Bathurst
and Kombo St. Mary. The Protectorate was represented by four unofficial
appointees. In 1951 membership was revised to provide for a second
elected representative from Kombo-Bathurst. 

 

The "wind of change" was beginning to blow even in the Gambia. In 1954 a
new constitution was introduced which provided for an unofficial elected
majority in the Legislative Council, with seven representatives each
from the Colony anij the Protectorate. Though the representatives from
the Protectorate were selected by a complicated indirect procedure, the
new system constitui:ed an important step toward the political
integration of the Protectorate and Colony. The Executive Council was
also reorganized with an unofficial majority to be appointed by the 

Governor after consultation with the elected members of the Legislative
Council. Moreover three unofficial members of the Executive Council were
to head ministries, though full ministerial responsibility was still
withheld. 

-6 -

 

The next step came with the Constitution of 1960, which provided for a
House of Representatives for the Colony and Protectorate with elections
in both on the bases of universal adult suffrage. The chiefs were
allowed to select eight members to the House, in deference to the 

theory of Native Authority. In addition the notion of ministerial
responsibility by unofficial members of the Executive Council was
introduced. 

 

Following a Constitutional Conference in London in 1961, the Gambia was
given full local or internal self-government. New elections were held in
May 1962 which gave the People's Progressive Party a majority in the
House of Representatives and Mr. David.Jawara became Prime Minister. 

The Gambia, after much soul-searching $nithe British press and official
circles along fhe line of "can the Gam6':'a stand along as a viable
state", received independence in 1965. (9) Of course the history of the
Gambia isnot just groundnut exports and administration. However its size
and low revenue inhibited the development of a complex administration or
technical services. Despite the colony's dependence on groundnut
exports, an Agricultural Department was not established until 1922. The
Veterinary Department was operated jointlywith the Government of Sierra
Leone, from its establishment in ".'l947 to 1952, though large numbers
of cattle enter the Gambia every year from neighbouring Senegal. Many of
the reports reproduced in this collection are in the form of
typescripts, for limited circulation. 

 

It is hoped that the increased availability of this material will
stimulate research and publication on this little known colony and
colonial service. 

GROUP I ADMINISTRATION 

Reel 1 MacCarthy Island Province 

North Bank Province 

Soutb<Bank Province 

Upper River Province 

Kombognd Foni Province 

1922/3, 1934-1939 

1922/3, 1934-1939 

1922/3, 1934-1939 

1922/3, 1934-1939 

1922/3 

Reel 2 Conference of Travelling Commissioners Protectorate
Administration 

Bathurst Temporary Local Authority 

Conference of Chiefs 

1926 

1947 

1945 

1944-1964 

 

In 1944 annual conferences of chiefs were instituted in an effort to
bring the local native authorities more actively into the government of
the Gambia and to serve as a conservative counter to the more
politically assertive African nationalists of Bathurst. 

 

For a more detailed account of the administrative history of the Gambia
in the twentieth century, see; Harry A. Gailey, Jr., A History of the
Gambia (London, 1964). Unfortunately Gailey, like all too many colonial
historians of Africa, tends to leap from the nineteenth century conquest
to the post-World War I1 period of decolonization with only a very
sketchy account of the intervening colonial period.  Very little has
been published on the inter-war years in the Gambia and most of that is
confined to political and constitutional highlights. 

-7-

 

 

GROUP I1 

Reel 7 

Reel 4 

Reel 5 

Reel 6 

Reel 7 

Reel 8 

Reel 9 

Reel 10 

 

GROUP I11 

Reel 11 

Reel 2 

Reel 3 

 

GROUP IV 

Reel 14 

Reel 15 

 

FINANCE 

 

Audit 1936-1938, 

1944-1965 

 

Estimates 1906-1928 

 

Estimates 1929-1937 

 

Estimates 1938-1952 

 

Estimates 1953-1958 

 

Estimates 1959-1964 

Memo on Estimates 1942-1956 

Bathurst Town Council Estimates 1947 

Development Estimates 1962-1965/6 

 

Financial Report 1936, 1938, 

1943-1958 

 

Financial Report 1959-1965 

Protectorate Treasuries Progress Report 1947-1954 

Income Tax 1964-1965 

Currency Board 1965 

 

JUDICIAL AND POLICE 

 

Rulesofthe Court of Civil and Criminal Justice 1877 

Judicial 1932, 1934-1935, 

1955-1960 

Crime 1922-1923, 1925, 

1929 

Police 1922-1934 

 

Police 1935-1963 

 

Prisons 1922-1960 

 

NATURAL RESOURCES 

 

Botanic Station 1894 

Agriculture 1923-1951/2 

Gambia Rice Farm 1953-1956 

 

Forestry 1950-1954 

 

C.F. Hickling, Fisheries adviser to the Secretary 

of State for the Colonies on his visit to the 

Gambia in November 1950. (SP9/51) 

Veterinary 1947-1954/5 

Land and Survey 1946 

Survey 1953-1954 

 

-8-

 

GROUP V SOCIAL SERVICES 

Reel 16 Education 1886-1911 

Reel 17 Education 1912-1949, 

1955-1963 

"Education in the Gambia, present organisation 

and possible future development" 1939 

"Report on commission appointed to make 

recommendations on the aims, scope, 

contents and methods of education in the 

Gambia" (SP7/51) 1951 

"Education IPolicy 1961-1965" (SP/61) 1961 

Reel 18 Medical 1909-1932 

Reel 19 Medical 1933-1965 

"Report on *;ample medical survey of the 

Gambia in 1947" (SP2/4B) 

Reel 20 Development and Welfare 1943, 

1946-1950-1952 

Farmers Development Fund 1951/2, 1956 

Development Fund 

Labour 

1963, 1964, 

19391'40-1954, 

1965/6 

1960-1962 

"Provisional Report of the Committee appointed to advisi? on the
correlation of conditions a 

of service in the clerical and non-clerical service of government"
(SP13/45) 1945 

"Gambia Civil Services: Revised conditions of service" (SP6/47) 1947 

"Report of a committee to consider the junior staff organisation of the
Public Works 

Department" (SP15/52) 1952 of the Gambia" 

"Report of the commission on the Civil Service 1956 

Progress report on the Gambianisation of the Civil Service 1956/7-1964/5


"Statement on Gambianisation of the Civil Service" (SP9/62) 1962 

GROUP VI TRANSPORT AND PUBLIC WORKS 

Reel 21 Public Works 1922-1937 

GROUP VII COMMUNICATIONS AND POST OFFICE SAVINGS 

Reel 22 Posts and Telegraphs 

Government Savings Bank 

1953-1962/3 

1941-1964 

GROUP VIII COMMERCE 

Reel 23 Trade and Shipping 1939-1949 

 

Until 1938 the Annual Trade and Shipping Report for the Gambia was
published in the Gambia Government Gazette (see, Government Publications
relatinq to the Gambia, EP Microform, 1975). 

-9-

 

Reel 24 Trade 1950-1957 

Reel 25 Trade 1958-1962 

 

Customs 1963-1965/6 

Reel 26 Registrar of Co-operative Societies 1955-7-1964 

The Co-operative Societies Ordinance was passed in 1950, however the
above 

 

office was not created until 1954/55 to administer the Ordinance. 

Oil Seeds Marketing Board 1949/50-1964/5 

 

GROUP IX MISCELLANEOUS 

Reel 27 Census 1881-1963 

Reel 28 Meteorological Reports 1946-1955 

Reel 29 Staff Lists 1922-1942 

 

Reel 30 Staff Lists 1943-1957 

Reel 31 Staff Lists 1958-1965 

-10-


DF file. 

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