Freedom of Expression in an Era of State Terror
by Niloufer Bhagwat
Global Research, December 15, 2005
Paper Presented at the Forum at the Fourth Conference On Freedom of
Expression, of writers, poets, publishers and human rights
organizations, Law Faculty, Bilgi University, Istanbul, 21st November
2005
The contemporary political scene is remarkable for the cascading
effect of the propaganda of the ? war against terror?, which has
engulfed so many countries of the Western and Eastern Hemisphere. Not a
single continent remains unscathed, not even the European Community,
despite high sounding ideals and conditions imposed, to secure human
freedom as a precondition for membership. The events of 9/11 , the work
of less than 20 terrorists has altered the entire post ? war social
compact . Across the Atlantic in North America, in the heart of liberal
democracies such as England and France, in Germany, in Italy, in West,
Central and South Asia, and beyond to Indonesia, the Philippines and
Australia, the global television networks controlled by monopoly media
companies, corporate newspapers, government leaders, those representing
the coercive instruments of state power, the police, paramilitary, the
military and bureaucracy, would have the world believe that their
societies face imminent attack from "terrorists ", and that the very
existence of their societies are threatened by terrorists , projected
as Muslim and / or Arab, people hailing from those very regions , where
hydrocarbons, petro-dollars, among other resources, are stolen by war ,
occupation , by political threats, or by installing quisling
governments in those regions .
What are the implications for the freedom of _expression, freedom for
political discourse, on which the political, social and cultural health
of a society and its development and civilization depend ; for
democracy, for the freedom of the press, freedom for political
organization, in this environment of fear and hostility in more than
one country being incited against racial and religious minorities ,
migrants , against the backdrop of the ? War against Terror?, even as
citizens see no credible enemy ; and whether correctives are possible ,
within the existing political and constitutional structures to overcome
grave deprival of rights by those very institutions established to
protect citizens .
It is also necessary to assess in the context of historical
experience, whether governments allied with elite interests have been
successful in the long term in suppressing freedom of thought and
_expression, as this is not the ? end of history?, and what we are
witnessing may be a fierce struggle between financial and corporate
oligarchies , controlling most mainstream political parties in
government and some political formations represented in legislatures as
the '" Opposition '" on the one hand, and the masses of the citizenry
on the other, including in countries where the military/ bureaucracies
have arrogated to themselves the right to influence judicial and other
institutions , to determine whether expressions of citizens in speech
or the written form is a patriotic act or not .
These struggles will determine whether there will be progress or
regress in the evolution of erstwhile liberal democracy, which had not
as yet attained its promise of economic and social equality for all
citizens even in the erstwhile liberal democracies of Europe and North
America . Some of these governments are now undergoing authoritarian
and even fascist transformation, in an attempt wipe out all traces from
their political systems of the earlier protracted democratic and
socialist struggles , influenced by the great revolutions in Europe and
epic national liberation movements , which had compelled governments to
concede freedom of _expression and public discourse , now increasingly
and progressively restricted and controlled by extensive corporate
media networks and the big business press , even as monopolies have
advanced, dominating and controlling extensive resources /geographical
areas of the world, leaving limited room for citizens, independent
journalists , co-operatives of journalists , or a radical political
press , with the capacity to represent peoples interests in
disseminating information and news , without deflecting , diverting or
controlling public discussion .
Yet it would not be truthful to project that before the declaration of
the ? War Against Terror?, freedom of _expression and of public and
political discourse was in an ideal state, in the affected and other
countries, where political organizers, workers, writers, artists,
public spirited citizens have been openly or subtly persecuted, and
faced loss of livelihood apart from incarceration for their truthful
reflections and articulations in public, historical, aesthetic or
artistic interest . The situation differed from one society to another.
Whereas the existence of foreign military bases had resulted in subtly
restricting or wholly destroying freedom of _expression in most
countries where these bases were located . Other governments and
societies have politically distorted the evocative appeal of religion
to preserve the status quo of economic exploitation and the global
covert alliances of an oligarchy , to prevent political change ,and to
suppress democratic aspirations. We have witnessed the creation of so
called Islamic terrorist groups and organizations , admittedly funded
by Western and other Intelligence Agencies with a view to control and
dominate regions and whole societies, in a manner similar to which
Operation Gladio was used in Europe, by covert forces after the second
world war .
The " essence of Operation Gladio was to attack civilians , the people
, women , children , innocent people , unknown people far removed any
political game . The reason was quite simple: to force ?the public to
turn to the state to ask for greater security ". *( Chris Floyd,
Operation Gladio )
It is not without coincidence that it is in those countries where
governments are most closely allied with US and British imperialism, in
particular in the Arab world and elsewhere, where men and women have
been oppressed and excluded completely from public discourse and
political space, women doubly , by distorted interpretations of
religious texts and dogma justifying theocracy, dictatorship , monarchy
and segregation. However this fascist and sectarian misuse of religion
to control closed political societies and prohibit dissent in a covert
alliance with imperialism , must be clearly distinguished from
"Liberation" theology used by revolutionary priests in Central and
Latin America to organize people against brutal dictatorships abetted
by special forces of the United States, and the genuine nationalist
resistance to foreign military occupation and aggression witnessed in
Iraq and in some other countries , where the Islamic concept of "
struggle against injustice " is being used politically , yet in a non
sectarian manner , as part of a broad peoples movement opposing foreign
occupation and against dictatorship or military rule and control ; as
these organizations have emerged due to historical reasons, because
secular and nationalist political formations were denied political
space during earlier periods of dictatorships .
In the context of this discussion, the experiences in the former USSR
and the Peoples Republic of China cannot be glossed over for a better
perspective of contemporary events the world over. As in these two
societies, the early promise and objective of liberating working people
and all humanity , using the tools of scientific analysis and
philosophy, was gradually subverted over decades, by first
circumscribing and then denying all freedom of public discourse by
dictatorial party bureaucracies, usurping and distorting political
concepts, denying public space to the very people who created and
supported the revolutions and its phenomenal achievements, leading to
the political capitulation and dismemberment of the former USSR by the
politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union for and on behalf
of an oligarchy of financial and corporate interests ; with the entire
privatization process referred to by the eminent World Bank economist
and Nobel prize winner in economics ( 2001) Dr. Joseph Stiglitz as a
"briberization " process , leading to immense human misery with
millions who had known complete social security , plunged overnight
below the poverty line , by the destruction of peoples savings and
assets created over 60 years in the post revolutionary period , through
currency conversion and flight of capital to Western banks all without
public debate , a process assisted by Mafia "oligarchs" without any
public discourse . The reintegration of the People's Republic of China
into the "market economy " has also been a decision taken by party
bureaucracies . Both these transformations ignored the people, despite
the path breaking humanistic endeavours and historical contribution of
the people in both societies, which enabled millions to cross hitherto
insurmountable barriers of poverty, hunger, unemployment and
degradation, that people of these societies had faced during their pre
revolutionary period, and despite the determination and superhuman
resolve with which peoples from these societies combining with
resistance forces in occupied countries, defeated fascism in Europe and
militarism and occupation in Asia . In China to-day companies like Wal-
Mart influence policies much more than the working citizens of China
who have contributed in terms of long working hours, to what is being
termed as an "economic miracle " , even as hundreds of workers die in
factories and mines every month , where no safety regulations or
environmental norms are being observed to maintain astonishing growth
rates .
However, the reason for the present focus on the post 9/11 situation
is that even those societies and countries, which hitherto ,
constitutionally and legally paid homage to freedom of _expression, the
very foundation and basis for public discourse and culture, political ,
social, aesthetic and condemned other societies for the lack of it, as
a part of cold war "rhetoric " against a different political system ,
have now seriously regressed from their erstwhile positions on
"freedom", using ?terrorism? as a smoke screen.
After 9/11 with the Patriot Act legislated , the United States of
America ,once held out incorrectly as the role model of democracy (
which it never really was ,as borne out by the early history of
genocide of millions of the Native American people and seizure of their
lands and territories by settlers , the slave trade and slavery imposed
on the African- American people for the accumulation of economic
surpluses , the nature of race relations thereafter to date , the
treatment of immigrants and working people, with women as commodities )
, has undergone a constitutional and legal transformation of dramatic
proportions and a retreat even from what is broadly termed as limited "
liberal democracy " . It has been reported that the Patriot Act was not
even printed for reading of the US legislators before it was passed ,
with provisions not read by a majority of legislators when it was voted
on .The erosion of ? democracy ? and ? freedom? is now complete and
includes emasculation of the ? freedom of speech? . The Patriot Act has
become permanent law as of 2005, and the recent changes are now
referred to as Patriot Act II, passed with the unanimous vote of the
Senate . The objective of this Act which abrogates the freedom of
organization , right to freedom of speech , right to legal counsel
among other rights , is not the pursuit of a few ? terrorists ", who
were permitted to enter and function in the USA with impunity, as the
disclosure of project ? Able Danger? and other evidence of US
Intelligence and other official agencies reveal .Neither is the Act for
the pursuit of Bin Laden and his extended family, who were provided
special aircrafts to assist them in leaving the United States even as
flights for other citizens of the United States were restricted ; it is
not for the Carlyle Corporation in which the bin Laden family had
investments along with leading political families of the United States
, but for the large majority of the citizens of the United States .
Among other measures implemented through the Patriot Act to deter
freedom of _expression and organization, it is now permissible for the
FBI to request all kinds of personal and private information, including
library lists of the person under investigation ,an unprecedented
measure for any society which claims to rest its foundation on a
scientific temper and a spirit of inquiry . The office of Homeland
Security is immune from the scrutiny of Congress and functions under
executive fiat in direct violation of the Constitution of the United
States, which provides for checks and balances. The nature of measures
conferring extensive powers on the FBI and other intelligence agencies
have transformed the United States into a Police or a fascist State.
That the Patriot Act was not a response to any kind of terrorism by
alleged Muslim or Arab terrorists is established from the fact that the
Patriot Act was never used to bring to justice any of the so called
terrorists responsible for 9/11 even after it was passed, though more
than 5000 minorities of Muslim or Arab descent, who were residents and
domiciled in the USA and innocent of any terrorist act, were
immediately illegally detained without the knowledge of their families
and friends, many incommunicado .
The vast increase in domestic spying powers over the past five years
and more, the illegal detentions without a right to Habeas Corpus , the
setting up of Military Tribunals without a right to appeal are on the
lines of the Spanish Inquisition , the English Court of Star Chamber ,
and the Letter de Cache of the French monarchy , justified as a part of
the ? War against Terror? which appears to be in retrospect the
"Reichtag fire " in terms of its implications ; yet there are hardly
any terrorists in the United States of America or elsewhere, where
similar legislation is being enforced ; exposing that the main
objective is to extend the capacity of Intelligence Agencies to monitor
groups and individuals , including lawyers opposed to government policy
and people demonstrating against acts of military aggression and the
colonial occupation in Iraq , Afghanistan , Haiti , in defense of
humanity, against erosion of social security and health care and in
exercise of their right to free speech . Even the nature of donations
to all organizations , the nature of advise tendered and assistance
given including by lawyers to clients , are all monitored . It must be
recalled that John Ashcroft officially stated that the President as a
Commander-in- Chief is a war time dictator , as the Congress had
conferred on him the power to declare war though such provisions do not
exist in the Constitution of the United States, which does not provide
for the suspension either of the Writ of Habeas Corpus or for the
suspension and abrogation of other freedoms .
Prime Minister Tony Blair has adopted the same political
approach towards the liberty and freedom of speech, and the "New "
Labour party emulating President Bush has declared that Britain is on a
war footing. British involvement in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq
are unrelated to ? terrorism ? and represent its integration into the
colonial and military strategy of the United States and NATO. The anti-
terror law in Britain makes civil liberties and the freedom of speech
of the British citizen depend on the Police and Security services .
Despite the failure of Prime Minister Blair to gain support for a
period of 90 days detention without judicial sanction, the anti-
terrorism bill has obtained approval for preventive detention for a
reduced period without Judicial scrutiny and review. The law interalia
criminalizes the mere _expression of opinion deemed unacceptable to the
Home Secretary and makes illegal the ? glorification of the preparation
or commission of terrorist acts ? an offense so vague that it enables
the government to arbitrarily outlaw political dissent .
The media baron Rupert Murdoch's paper the SUN, backed the 90
day preventive detention proposal, and his flagship newspaper denounced
the Members of Parliament of the Labour, Consevative and Liberal party
who voted for a reduced period of detention without judicial scrutiny,
as "traitors " though this anti- Terrorism Act of the UK is in breach
of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights, and contravenes the
essential provisions of the British law enshrined in the Habeas Corpus
Act of 1679 originating in the historic Magna Carta of 1215 . The new
law provides that the Human Rights Act of the UK passed to conform to
the European Convention on Human Rights be disregarded or bypassed in
the event of a conflict with the anti-terrorism legislation, severely
restricting freedom of speech. It is significant that no political
leader has been under detention for ? hate speeches? against immigrants
though the spreading enmity and hatred are prohibited under this law .
As a consequence of the UK legislation, anti-war reporting can be
termed a glorification of terror by giving succour to the Iraqi
Resistance. The Act has invited the widespread criticism from civil
rights groups , opposition parties , sections of the judiciary and from
former Law Lords . The real objective of Prime Minister Tony Blair is
to prevent a revolt from the working class as wages are lowered, and
the hire and fire policy for workers is implemented ruthlessly, with
erosion and elimination of social security, and when new countries are
invaded and occupied in furtherance of the policy of " New "
colonialism ad military occupation for the plunder of resources of
other countries, hence the anti ?terrorism measures.
The third case study of emasculating democratic rights,in
particular freedom of _expression is the Howard government?s draconian
anti- terrorism bill ,which emulates the Patriot Act and the anti-
terrorism laws introduced in British parliament; this has aroused large
popular opposition and reactions to the bill in Australia . The new
sedition laws are not aimed against terrorism as hardly any act of
"terrorism" has taken place in Australia as distinguished from racist
attacks by white supremacist forces with covert support from the
government to provoke retaliation ; on the other hand the anti -
sedition laws prevent free speech and the indefinite and secret
detention of individuals would allow intelligence organizations to
organize the ? disappearance of citizens "permanently, as in Argentina
and Chile. The Australian bill desires to silence political dissent by
making it an offense to promote feelings of ? ill will or hostility
between different groups? and conduct of assisting an ? organization or
country engaged in armed hostilities ? against the Australian military,
whether such a war is declared or not, to enable the Australian
government to justify military occupation of Afghanistan, Iraq, and
future colonial interventions in the Solomon islands, Papua New Guinea,
in Indonesia and the Philippines, that is regions where front rank
political leaders have openly alleged that the Bali and other bombings
were the result of military collaboration in these countries .
A letter in the Sydney Morning Herald is relevant to assess the
nature of terrorism as against the propaganda articulated by
governments from Washington, London, Tel Aviv , Paris, Australia ,
Karachi , New Delhi , Djakarta, and Manila, among other capitals:
? John Howard is right. Terror surrounds us the terror of
growing inequality between aboriginal and white society; the terror of
poverty and prejudice against minority groups; of the displaced, of the
alienated, homeless and the indefinitely detained; of the elements of
the deterioration of public utilities and essential services; of the
decline in the quality of leadership; of government management; of the
government?s proposed work changes. Last but not the least we face the
terror of government by stealth, deception and self ?interest."
To justify highly unpopular measures, on 9th November 2005, 850
Federal and State Police and intelligence personnel heavily armed broke
into 23 homes in the working class and immigrant districts of Sydney
and Melbourne in Australia and arrested 17 Muslims, on the ground that
they were contemplating terrorism. The Defense lawyer has described the
charges as ? scandalous ? stating that there was no evidence that any
terrorist act was being planned. Since it was more than obvious that
these measures were unjustified, the Australian government can always
fall back on its racist immigration policy and manufacture racial
strife or an " Operation Gladio " , ironically in an Australia which
does not belong legally to races other than the Australian Aborigines,
from whom it was stolen by colonization .
Even France has succumbed and invoked a state of emergency under
the pretext of rioting in immigrant ghettos, significantly under a 1955
law, a product of the brutal colonial subjugation of Algeria and its
national liberation struggle, not astonishing in view of the
restlessness of the working people of France resisting the onslaughts
on social security and being roped into an Economic Community committed
to destroy rights of working people and middle income groups. Moreover,
France which initially opposed the Iraq war has supported military
onslaughts and neo-colonial and colonial projects in Yugoslavia, Haiti,
Afghanistan, and Africa , and now contemplated in respect of Iran and
Syria, among other regions. Under the French law government can carry
out raids, censor the media and ban demonstrations. The real motivating
factor in the declaration of emergency is not the genuine discontent of
immigrants which occasionally manifests itself , or contrived violence
or the discrimination against citizens of African and Arab origin, but
the social unrest against privatization and erosion of social security
uppermost in peoples minds and the strike action in response ; apart
from the fact that the French people voted defying most organized
political formations in government and the opposition overwhelmingly
against the European Union Constitution ,which they perceived as
antagonistic to their social security for which their liberties are
being taken away . Incidentally this emergency law was proposed in
public by Marie le Pen, the daughter of the neo ?fascist leader le Pen
herself a member of the neo ?fascist National party .The nature of
remarks by the Interior minister referring to the immigrants involved
in the incidents, as "scum "and "gangrene " reveals a policy to
deliberately divide and polarize not only the French people but the
European Community to "divide and rule ", as in other countries like
Australia, where the immigrants have been referred to as the source of
all problems . The government in France shut down the internet ,
increasingly seen as an alternative global media surmounting the
Corporate media?s agenda to ?manufacture consent?, and impose
censorship on the issues of the day affecting citizens, by coverage
which is not truthful , which neglects to highlight and emphasize
issues of priority concern, which does not reveal the connection
between policy imposed by private corporate interest and the
criminilization of the economy and siphoning of public resources ,
which sensationalizes matters of little concern to society , and which
renders frivolous news reports using the pretext of media ?s role in
entertaining .
In Germany it is reported that authors and others are
increasingly facing pressure, detention, loss of employment for
reproducing or even circulating extracts from journals and other
literature , which is on a list of prohibited publications not known to
the public. Italy is also among the countries which has substantially
altered its parliamentary and other constitutional structures, in the
face of massive peoples demonstrations against economic policies and
predatory wars
The countries referred to are not the only ones which have
enacted such measures, these examples have been given as some of these
governments talk the loudest about ?freedom ? and ? democracy?, and yet
have killed and mutilated the people of Palestine, Iraq , Afghanistan,
Haiti , Congo , former Yugoslavia among others, depriving whole nations
of their right to freedom of _expression and public discourse. Yet one
cannot in the process, condone other societies and political systems,
using the leverage of their phenomenal growth rates and investments to
impose their agenda for censorship of internet , courtesy Bill Gates
among other IT Companies.
What we are witnessing is an era of state terrorism in erstwhile
liberal democracies. Terrorism is referred to as a camouflage, though
these rag tag groups and neo-fascist gangs , are trained by the very
intelligence agencies of these governments, as an instrument of their
state policy, to justify mass state terrorism against people
mobilizing, to express political opinion on a range of policies which
affect them, which mainstream political parties are declining to raise
as a part of their compact with an oligarchy of financial and corporate
interests. Some of these trained groups are also used as instruments
for subversion of rival governments and societies if these societies
resist external manipulation of their policies .
Historically mankind has revolted against systems which have
been oppressive and which attempted to enslave groups or nations , in
particular when the reasons and causes for the enslavement became known
,and the dominant political system became cruel and repressive. In the
present situation the reversal of freedom of _expression and freedom of
public discourse, on issues vital to the survival of millions in
countries, will not be acceptable to those who have lived under
constitutional and legal structures which permitted discourse albeit
when there was no threat to the status quo of the existing economic
system, which under the regime of ? Neo-Liberal globalization" a higher
stage of Capitalism, has destabilized societies and economies, altered
the post World War II compact between Capital and labour , the equation
between the metropolitan countries and former colonized countries known
as the peripheries , and has resulted in a revolt of civil society from
country to country in all hemispheres , which the political
capitulation of the former USSR and the integration of China into the "
Market economy" has not assisted in quelling ,as the nature of finance
capital and corporate operations throughout the world , pauperize
people including in the erstwhile economic and financial citadels ,
increase unemployment as operations shift easily and swiftly from
country to country, even as Companies pursuing economies of scale and
increasing profits, search for cheaper labour and resources from one
country to another, rendering desolate, hitherto vibrant economic
regions, driving down wages everywhere, increasing hours of work,
increasing the age of retirement, imposing genocidal conditions on
small farmers as a consequence of the pressures from giant and powerful
agri-business companies searching for markets and monopolies over
seeds; and abolishing hard won social security and public health
systems leaving millions without any health cover .We live in a world
where even sections of the middle classes face the prospect of
bankruptcy if faced with job losses. The prospect of militant mass
mobilization in the context of worsening economic conditions, with new
measures to be imposed by governments reducing living standards of
working people, has resulted in the recent coercive and fascist
measures, to curb freedom of _expression and public discourse and
dialogue, to prevent a mass revolt from country to country, as
mainstream national parties succumb to the interests of the Oligarchy.
With millions marching against the new slavery of peoples and nations
under "globalization ", and the militarization of their societies for
wars of aggression for which soldiers from underprivileged and middle
income families are being recruited as "canon fodder "; has raised an
alarm among those sections who would enslave humanity for profits by
any means including war , who have passed anti-terrorist laws in their
own interest , to protect themselves from expressions of individual and
mass protest.
Have they succeeded in suppressing public debate? It is too
early to tell. Yet the signs are that there is no capitulation.
Citizens of the United States continue to mobilize on vital issues
individually and collectively , through civil disobedience and other
forms of political and cultural _expression. Though the bomb blasts and
its aftermath in England, the murder of the innocent Brazilian Jean
Charles de Menezes by special police forces resulted in stupefaction
and subdued public reaction in England ,shocked at the turn of events,
yet immediately thereafter there was dissent and the voting in
Parliament which even though it only reduces the period of
incarceration from 90 days originally contemplated , and does not
eliminate the anti-democratic measure , revealed the fissures however
narrow, that this is not an easy road to a neo-fascist state, and there
is considerable unease in society and no consensus on the strangulation
of the voice of the people , precisely when they most wish to express
themselves . In Australia as per news reports from the corporate media
and press more than 500, 000 were out demonstrating against new
punitive industrial laws, with the potential to pauperize the working
class even in the backdrop of the tabling of anti-terror legislation
and so called terrorist raids deliberately staged in the immigrant
working class residential areas in Muslim homes to foster a racial
divide, to whip up support for the draconian measure. The people of
France historically having erected so many barricades at the cross
roads of history for liberte, egalite and fraternite will not be left
far behind ,to regain their freedom of _expression and public discourse
even as legitimate strike actions against privatization and rolling
back of social security have been prohibited from one industry to
another , from one city to another .
It would be illusory and mistaken for people and organizations
to place their trust entirely in existing institutions, whether the
judiciary or in mainstream political parties in the government or even
some in the opposition, who have in the past capitulated in the face of
these measures. History it is said "is what we look back to and then
take forward" in understanding social and political forces. The anti-
terror laws are the reaction not of triumph, but of increasing fear ,
apprehension and insecurity on the part of the "Oligarchs " of Finance
Capital and Monopoly Companies and their quisling governments , in the
face of indictments being drawn up by people from continent to
continent , of war crimes , crimes against humanity and genocide being
laid at their door, with the apprehension that the growing
understanding of the present productive processes in society and the
use to which they are being put, with increasing economic and political
marginilisation for those who contribute most to the accumulation of
surpluses, increasing penury and pauperization, and the degenerate use
of the public wealth of societies and brutal use of wars to steal
resources and profiteer sacrificing the lives of millions , will alter
equations if truth is not suppressed .
When the New York Times referred to the anti-war marches, as a
new "super power ", the message went home and "anti-terror " barricades
have been erected by oligarchies in many countries, though all these
strategies are hopeless and cannot defeat ideas once considered far in
advance of their time, with historical conditions ripe for there
acceptance as the technological, scientific and economic organizations
and institutions are in place to enable mankind to partake of these
tremendous surpluses generated by the global economy in an equitable
manner , and the present political and economic systems have nothing to
offer except repression , penury , and insecurity to large sections of
humanity .
In such a historical period genuine public discourse is a threat
to those who would freeze and fossilize the onward progress and
evolution economic, political and cultural of society, by the creation
of new enemies, new fears, new wars, new racial and ethnic hatreds .
This has to be resisted democratically, by forging the widest consensus
possible among people on the nature and kind of resistance to these
measures, as anti-human political and economic systems
Even in these grim times it is necessary to remember what
Bertoldt Brecht wrote ? Man Can Think?, and has more than any other
specie, the ability to influence events and alter his/her own destiny ,
in what are testing times for human solidarity across continents.
いいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいい
To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the Gambia-L Web interface
at: http://listserv.icors.org/archives/gambia-l.html
To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: http://listserv.icors.org/SCRIPTS/WA-ICORS.EXE?S1=gambia-l
To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to:
[log in to unmask]
いいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいい
|