Authors
Hellerstein MK.
Institution
Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California
at Berkeley, California 94720-3104, USA. [log in to unmask]
Title
Carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia: modifying factors and
implications for cardiovascular risk. [Review] [31 refs]
Source
Current Opinion in Lipidology.  13(1):33-40, 2002 Feb.
Abstract
High-carbohydrate/low-fat, isocaloric diets have repeatedly been shown to
increase plasma triglyceride concentrations. The present review addresses
recent developments relevant to several important unresolved issues. These
include the type of dietary carbohydrate that is most likely to induce
hypertriglyceridemia, predictors of individual susceptibility, modifiable
physiologic factors that may mitigate the plasma triglyceride response,
underlying metabolic mechanisms that are responsible for increased plasma
triglycerides, and implications of altered serum lipid profiles for
atherogenic risk. Although some progress has been made in this field, the
central public health issue - the net effect on cardiovascular risk -
remains unresolved. [References: 31]

Authors
Glinsmann WH.  Bowman BA.
Institution
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health
and Human Services, Washington, DC.
Title
The public health significance of dietary fructose. [Review] [22 refs]
Source
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.  58(5 Suppl):820S-823S, 1993 Nov.
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that some foods and food components,
including fructose, have specific health benefits and/or potential risks.
This recognition is associated with varied health claims and cautionary
statements that can drive dynamic changes in food manufacture, selection,
consumption, and views about food safety. It is imperative that the
scientific and public health communities develop clear standards for
evaluating potential benefits and risks, a process for accurately conveying
sound public health information to consumers, and a mechanism for monitoring
future changes in the food supply and relating these changes to potential
health effects. In this paper we discuss specific and general considerations
about the health effects of dietary fructose and provide a perspective on
their public health significance. On the basis of currently available
information, there is little basis for recommending increased or decreased
use of fructose in the general food sup!
ply or in products for special dietary use. [References: 22]

Authors
Gerrits PM.  Tsalikian E.
Institution
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Iowa Hospitals and
Clinics, Iowa City 52242.
Title
Diabetes and fructose metabolism. [Review] [33 refs]
Source
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.  58(5 Suppl):796S-799S, 1993 Nov.
Abstract
The clinical aspects of fructose supplementation in the diets of individuals
with diabetes should focus on the balance between beneficial effects and
possible side effects. Fructose supplementation in diabetes mellitus was
advocated before insulin was discovered. Fructose elicits a lower glucose
and insulin response in healthy individuals and in individuals with
diabetes. The use of fructose as a sweetener in the diets of diabetics has
been debated repeatedly. Short-term studies have now shown that substitution
of fructose for sucrose in the diets of individuals with diabetes improves
glycemic control and does not appear to have substantial side effects. In
balanced diets, reasonable amounts of fructose supplementation do not affect
lipoprotein metabolism or result in gastrointestinal symptoms. Long-term
studies are still needed to ascertain that long-term fructose
supplementation has a sustained beneficial effect in diabetes and is devoid
of deleterious side effects. [Ref!
erences: 33]

Authors
Edgar WM.
Institution
University of Liverpool, UK.
Title
Extrinsic and intrinsic sugars: a review of recent UK recommendations on
diet and caries. [Review] [27 refs]
Source
Caries Research.  27 Suppl 1:64-7, 1993.
Abstract
Development of caries in man is associated with dietary sugars, but the
relationship between sugar contents of individual foods and their cariogenic
potential is unclear. A recent report categorized dietary sugars as
intrinsic (mainly fruit and vegetable) and extrinsic (mainly added sugars,
milk, and fruit juices) and concluded that consumption of extrinsic sugars
(except milk) should be replaced with that of intrinsic sugars. This paper
examines briefly the dental consequences of the recommendations.
[References: 27]

Authors
Reiser S.  Powell AS.  Scholfield DJ.  Panda P.  Ellwood KC.  Canary JJ.
Institution
Carbohydrate Nutrition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research
Center, MD 20705.
Title
Blood lipids, lipoproteins, apoproteins, and uric acid in men fed diets
containing fructose or high-amylose cornstarch.
Source
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.  49(5):832-9, 1989 May.
Abstract
Ten hyperinsulinemic and 11 nonhyperinsulinemic men consumed for 5 wk each
in a cross-over design a diet, similar to one currently consumed in the
United States, with 20% of the kilocalories from either fructose or
high-amylose cornstarch to determine the effects of the two diets on various
blood metabolites considered to be risk factors associated with heart
disease. In the hyperinsulinemic men the intake of fructose as compared with
cornstarch significantly increased total triglycerides and their lipoprotein
distribution; total and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
apoproteins B-100, C-II, C-III; and uric acid. In the nonhyperinsulinemic
men total triglycerides, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
uric acid were significantly greater after the consumption of fructose than
after cornstarch. The results indicate that in a diet high in saturated
fatty acids and cholesterol, fructose increases the levels of risk factors
associated with heart disease, es!
pecially in hyperinsulinemic men.

Authors
Mesquita MF.  Seabra MP.  Halpern MJ.
Title
Simple carbohydrates in the diet.
Source
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.  45(5 Suppl):1197-201, 1987 May.

Authors
Reiser S.
Title
Effect of dietary sugars on metabolic risk factors associated with heart
disease. [Review] [132 refs]
Source
Nutrition & Health.  3(4):203-16, 1985.
Abstract
The results from studies in which the effects of the extended feeding of
sugars such as sucrose and fructose as compared to starch and other
glucose-based carbohydrates on metabolic risk factors associated with heart
disease have been reviewed. In general, the feeding of the sugars as
compared to starch produced undesirable changes in metabolic risk factors
such as blood triglycerides, total cholesterol and its lipoprotein
distribution, insulin and uric acid. Other dietary components (e.g.,
saturated fat) can magnify the adverse metabolic effects of the sugars. A
finite segment of the population characterized by high levels of
triglycerides and insulin may be at a substantially higher risk than is the
general population from the present level of intake of sucrose or fructose.
[References: 132]