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Part 3 - Can Tin Prevent Falling Asleep at the Wheel?
- (Continued from Part 2 of 3)
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[2] Thymus. 1988-89;12(2):131-4
Tin in the thymus gland of dogs.
Sherman LR, Cardarelli NF.
Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, OH 44325-0001.
The thymus glands from four mixed breed dogs were analyzed to determine the
water content, chloroform extractable fraction and residue. The thymi
samples were assayed for tin and compared to the tin in the spleen and
muscle tissue. The tin content in the thymus gland (29.4 ppm) was higher
than the muscle (14.9 ppm) or spleen (12.8 ppm). The tin content in the
lipid portion of the thymus was approximately four times greater than the
non-chloroform extractable fraction (primarily protein).
PMID: 3250048 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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[3] J Anal Toxicol. 1986 Jan-Feb;10(1):6-9
Tin concentration in the thymus glands of rats and mice and its relation to
the involution of the gland.
Sherman LR, Masters J, Peterson R, Levine S.
Tin is an ubiquitous element and thus enters mammals through the food
chain. It has never been found to be dysfunctional in either plants or
animal tissue and has been regarded as an innocuous background material. Of
the many organs and glands that have been analyzed for tin, only the thymus
gland exhibits an above average value for tin. A complete study on the tin
content in the thymus gland has never been published and this work is an
attempt to investigate this subject. Three types of rodents were used in
this study; inbred Lewis rats, inbred A/KI mice (a breast cancer prone
mouse) and outbred COBS mice (a cancer resistant mouse). The tin analysis
of the muscle, spleen, and thymus indicated constant values for the muscle
and spleen tissue, but an increase in the thymic tin concentration (ppm)
with age. Besides normal aging studies, the animals were administered the
disodium salt of dexamethasone-21-phosphate (dexa), which causes rapid loss
of lymphocytes from the spleen and thymus but has no effect upon the
muscle. Tin concentration in the muscles remained constant, showed a loss
from the spleen and an increase in the thymus gland. The increase indicates
that the tin was probably located in the medulla of the thymus, which may
be the active biochemical site for tin in rodents. When compared to the
COBS mice, the A/KI mice showed a non-statistical difference in tin content
in the muscle and spleen and statistically significant lower tin content in
the thymus gland.
PMID: 3485218 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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[4] Pediatrics. 1994 Jan;93(1):1-11
Control of jaundice in preterm newborns by an inhibitor of bilirubin
production: studies with tin-mesoporphyrin.
Valaes T, Petmezaki S, Henschke C, Drummond GS, Kappas A.
Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10021.
BACKGROUND. Studies in vitro, in animal models, and in adult and newborn
humans have demonstrated that certain tin(Sn)-porphyrins that competitively
inhibit the activity of heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme
catabolism, reduce production of bilirubin and can thereby substantially
diminish plasma levels of the bile pigment. OBJECTIVES. To assess the
effectiveness of increasing doses of the heme oxygenase inhibitor, Sn-
mesoporphyrin (SnMP), in moderating the development of significant
hyperbilirubinemia and thus the requirements for phototherapy in preterm
newborns. METHODS. In five randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trials,
SnMP in increasing doses from 1 mumol to 6 mumol/kg body weight was
administered intramuscularly in the first 24 hours of life in preterm
newborns of 210 to 251 days gestational age. "Special blue" lamps (Phillips
F20T12/BB) were used for phototherapy in newborns exceeding a predetermined
plasma bilirubin concentration, irrespective of study group. RESULTS. A
total of 517 newborns were randomized in the five trials carried out
sequentially over a 4-year period. SnMP in a dose-related manner
significantly ameliorated the course of hyperbilirubinemia in the treated
newborns of all gestational ages. With a SnMP dose of 6 mumol/kg body
weight, the mean peak incremental plasma bilirubin concentration was
reduced by 41% and the phototherapy requirements were decreased by 76%
compared to control subjects. Erythema observed in a few SnMP-treated
newborns who required phototherapy was mild, transient, and without
sequelae. No other untoward effects were observed during hospitalization or
at a follow-up at post-term age of 3 and 18 months. CONCLUSIONS. SnMP, by
inhibiting the production of bilirubin, substantially moderates the
development of hyperbilirubinemia in preterm newborns. This compound and
similarly acting enzyme inhibitors merit further clinical study as agents
for controlling neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, particularly in neonatal
populations for whom other treatment modalities are not available.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 8265301 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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[5] Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Dec;41(12):1663-70.
Comparative assessment of gastrointestinal irritant potency in man of tin
(II) chloride and tin migrated from packaging.
Boogaard PJ, Boisset M, Blunden S, Davies S, Ong TJ, Taverne JP.
Shell Health Services, Shell International BV, PO Box 162, 2501 AN The
Hague, The Netherlands. [log in to unmask]
Tin is present in low concentrations in most canned foods and beverages,
the highest levels being found in products packaged in unlacquered or
partially lacquered tinplate cans. A limited number of case-reports of
acute gastrointestinal disorders after consumption of food containing 100-
500 mg/kg tin have been reported, but these reports suffer many
insufficiencies. Controlled clinical studies on acute effects of tin
migrated from packaging suggest a threshold concentration for adverse
effects (AEs) of >730 mg/kg. Two separate randomised, single-centre, double-
blind, crossover studies, enabling comparison of the tolerability of tin
added as tin (II) chloride at concentrations of <0.5, 161, 264 and 529
mg/kg in 250 ml tomato juice in 20 volunteers (Study 1) and tin migrated
from packaging at concentrations of <0.5, 201 and 267 mg/kg in 250 ml
tomato soup in 24 volunteers (Study 2) were carried out. Distribution
studies were conducted to get insight in the acute AEs of low molecular
weight (<1000 Da) tin species in the soluble fraction of food products.
Results show that the chemical form of tin and not the elemental
concentration per se determines the severity of AEs. A clear dose-response
relationship was only observed when tin was added as tin (II) chloride in
tomato juice. No clinically significant AEs were reported in Study 2 and
comparison of the incidence of tin-related AEs showed no difference between
the dose levels (including control). Tin species of low molecular weight in
supernatant represented 31-32% of total tin in canned tomato soup versus 56-
61% in juice freshly spiked with tin (II) chloride. Differences in the
incidence of AEs following administration of tomato juice with 161 and 264
mg of tin per kg and tomato soup with 201 and 267 mg of tin per kg likely
results from differences in the concentration of low molecular weight tin
species and in the nature of tin complexes formed. The results of this work
demonstrate that tin levels up to 267 mg/kg in canned food cause no AEs in
healthy adults and support the currently proposed tin levels of 200 mg/kg
and 250 mg/kg for canned beverages and canned foods, respectively, as safe
levels for adults in the general population.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 14563391 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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LINKS
Adrenal Insufficiency
http://www.drkaslow.com/html/adrenal_insufficiency.html
The Endocrine System (All about adrenal and other glands.)
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/index.html
An overview of minerals and trace elements
http://www.drlera.com/MINERALS/minerals.htm
The Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/contentnuts.html
WaterOz
http://www.wateroz.com/About%20WaterOz.htm
Tin - HealthWorld Online article
http://www.healthy.net/scr/Article.asp?Id=1811
Tin (Sn) - General Discussion (Is tin an essential trace element?)
http://dcnutrition.com/minerals/detail.cfm?RecordNumber=38
WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 46:TIN (addendum)
(Note: This article contains a comprehensive table of tin content in many
foods at the very end of the article after the list of references.)
http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v46je12.htm
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service:
- Toxicological Profile for Tin
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp55.html
- Public Health Statement for Tin
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs55.html
The chemical properties of tin and its compounds:
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Sn/key.html
Tin (II) Chloride Dihydrate Certified ACS - FisherChemical Product
https://www1.fishersci.com/Coupon?cid=1336&gid=34531
Material Safety Data Sheet - Tin (II) Chloride Dihydrate
https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/21850.htm
Material Safety Data Sheet - Tin (II) Oxide
https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/21871.htm
MYWEIGH GemPro50 SCALE - Precision Weighing Balances
http://balance.balances.com/scales/870
Information about Sleep
http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih3/sleep/guide/info-sleep.htm
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