* Today in Black History - November 22 *
1865 - The Mississippi legislature enacts "Black Codes" which restrict
the rights and freedom of movement of the freedmen. The Black
Codes enacted in Mississippi and other Southern states
virtually re-enslave the freedmen. In some states, any white
person could arrest any African American. In other states,
minor officials could arrest African American "vagrants" and
"refractory and rebellious Negroes" and force them to work on
roads and levees without pay. "Servants" in South Carolina
were required to work from sunrise to sunset, to be quiet and
orderly and go to bed at "reasonable hours." It was a crime
in Mississippi for Blacks to own farm land. In South Carolina,
African Americans have to get a special license to work outside
the domestic and farm laborer categories.
1871 - Louisiana Lt. Governor Oscar J. Dunn, joins the ancestors
suddenly in the midst of a bitter struggle for control of the
state government. Dunn aides charge that he was poisoned.
1884 - T. Thomas Fortune founds the "New York Freeman", which later
becomes the "New York Age."
1884 - The Philadelphia Tribune is founded by Christopher J. Perry.
1893 - Alrutheus Ambush Taylor, teacher and historian, is born. He
will become Fisk University's Dean. He and other local African
American historians will come under the influence of Dr. Carter
G. Woodson, who spoke in Nashville on several occasions. In
1941, Taylor will publish a Tennessee study from the African
American perspective. Taylor titled his study, "The Negro in
Tennessee, 1865-1880." Taylor's book will go beyond slavery
and cover Reconstruction history and various aspects of African
American life, including business and politics.
1930 - The Nation of Islam is founded in Detroit.
1942 - Guion S. Bluford, Jr. is born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
He will become a Colonel in the United States Air Force, an
astronaut and the first African-American to fly in space
(four times - STS 8, STS 61A, STS 39, STS 53).
1957 - The Miles Davis Quintet debuts with a jazz concert at
Carnegie Hall in New York.
1961 - Frank Robinson becomes the first baseball player to be named
"Most Valuable Player" in both major leagues.
1965 - Muhammad Ali defeats Floyd Patterson. Ali, a recent convert
to the Muslim faith, taunts the former champ and ends the
fight in 12 rounds to win the world heavyweight title.
1968 - A portrait of Frederick Douglass appears on the cover of Life
magazine. The cover story, "Search for a Black Past," will be
the first in a four-part series of stories in which the magazine
examines African-Americans, a review of the last 50 years of
struggle and interviews with Jesse Jackson, Julian Bond,
Eldridge Cleaver, Dick Gregory, and others.
1986 - 24 year-old George Branham wins the Brunswick Memorial World
Open. It is the first time an African American wins a
Professional Bowlers Association title.
1986 - Mike Tyson, 20 years, 4 months old, becomes the youngest to
wear the world heavyweight boxing crown after knocking out
Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas.
1988 - Bob Watson is named assistant general manager of the Houston
Astros, the team where he began his professional career in
1965. One of a select few African American assistant general
managers in the sport, Watson's spikes hang in the Baseball
Hall of Fame for scoring baseball's 1,000,000th run in 1976.
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