[1]SSSHP Contents | [2]Labs | [3]Abbr. | [4]Index
NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
Washington, DC 20375
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HISTORY
"The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the Navy's corporate
laboratory. NRL conducts a broadly-based multidisciplinary
program of scientific research and advanced technological
development directed toward maritime applications of new and
improved materials, techniques, equipment, system, and ocean,
atmospheric, and space sciences and related technologies.
NRL was commissioned in 1923 by Congress for the Department of
the Navy. Today it is a field command under the Chief of Naval
Research and has approximately 3,600 personnel (over 1900
research staff - nearly half of these PhD's) who address basic
research issues concerning the Navy's environment of sea, sky,
and space."
"The Laboratory's parent organization is the Office of Naval
Research (ONR) which coordinates, executes, and promotes the
science and technology programs of the United States Navy and
Marine Corps through universities, government laboratories, and
nonprofit and for-profit organizations."
(NRL home page, http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/)
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PROJECT: TEXT TO VOTRAX SPEECH SYNTHESIS (19 - 19 )
The purpose of the project was to devise computationally
efficient rules for automatically converting plain English text
to a sequence of phonetic commands for a speech synthesizer. The
rules were implemented in two stages, a conversion from text
to the international phonetic alphabet (IPA) and a second
conversion from IPA to the phonetic codes for a particular
speech synthesizer. The experimental system used a Votrax VS-6
synthesizer (see SSSHP USA Votrax), but other synthesizers could
be accomodated by customizing the second conversion process.
In addition to the military application for secure, narrow-band
communication, it was hoped a successful outcome would be
applicable to general computer voice output applications. A
number of subsequent text-to-speech development projects
reference this work as a starting point.
1976 Elovitz, H.S., R.W. Johnson, A. McHugh, and J.E. Shore,
AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TEXT TO PHONETICS BY MEANS
OF LETTER-TO-SOUND RULES, NRL Report 7948, Jan 21, 1976.
Public release, distribution unlimited. (Copy in SSSHP USA NRL
file.)
Tape ?
1976 Elovitz, H., R. Johnson, A. McHugh, and J. Shore, "Letter-
to-sound rules for automatic translation of English text to
phonetics," IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech and Signal Proc.
ASSP-24, 446-459 (1976). (K) (Copy in SSSHP USA NRL file.)
Tape ?
1976 McHugh, A., LISTENER PREFERENCE AND COMPREHENSION TESTS OF
STRESS ALGORITHMS FOR A TEXT-TO-PHONETIC SPEECH SYNTHESIS
PROGRAM, NRL Rept. 8015, Sept 9, 1976. Public release,
distribution unlimited.(Copy in SSSHP USA NRL file.)
Tape ?
1977 Broihier, John C., Michael J. Crowley, "A RSTS/E Audio
Response Application", Proc. Digital Equipment Computer
Users Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, USA Spring 1977, pp. 1355-
1375. Order Entry application for the Illinois Bell
Telephone Co., using computer voice output.
Included here because it contains a listing of the Naval
Research Laboratory's text-to-speech rules for a Votrax
VS-6 expressed as a program in BASIC-Plus. The intermediate
conversion to IPA was not implemented. (Copy in SSSHP
USA DEC file.)
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BIOGRAPHIES
HONEY SUE ELOVITZ
1970 B.S. in mathematics, Univ. of Pittsburgh
1972 Naval Research Laboratory
1975 M.S. in computer science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park
1988 with consulting firm (name)
RODNEY W. JOHNSON
1962 B.S. in physics, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA
1966 Research Assoc., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ
1967 Ph.D. in mathematics, Stanford Univ.
1968 Research Assoc., Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY
1970 Asst. Prof. of mathematics, Fordham Univ., New York, NY
1973 Center for Naval Analyses
1974 Naval Research Laboratory, communication sciences
1988 Entropic Speech, Inc., UNIX-based digital signal processing
products
ASTRID SCHMIDT-NIELSEN (Astrid McHugh 1963-1976)
1963 A.B. in biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH
1972 M.S. in psychology, Univ. of Maryland
1974 Ph.D. in psychology, Univ. of Maryland
1975 Naval Research Laboratory, speech science
1976 Post-Doct. fellowship, Center for Research in Human
Learning, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
1978 Naval Research Laboratory, voice systems, human-computer
interaction, artificial intelligence
(Curriculum Vitae in SSSHP USA NRL file)
JOHN E. SHORE
1968 B.S. in physics, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT
1968 Naval Research Laboratory
1974 Ph.D. in theoretical physics, Univ. of Maryland, College Park
1988 Entropic Speech, Inc., UNIX-based digital signal processing
products
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REVIEWED BY:
[9]SSSHP Contents | [10]Labs | [11]Abbr. | [12]Index
_________________________________________________________________
Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project
Division of Information Technology and Society
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY
Smithsonian Institution - Washington, D.C. 20560
References
1. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_home.htm
2. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_labs.htm
3. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_abbr.htm
4. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_indx.htm
5. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_nrl.htm#Top
6. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_nrl.htm#Top
7. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_nrl.htm#Top
8. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_nrl.htm#Top
9. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_home.htm
10. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_labs.htm
11. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_abbr.htm
12. http://www.mindspring.com/~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_indx.htm
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