<<Disclaimer: Verify this information before applying it to your situation.>> Dear Listmembers: The following, "CELIAC, A SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM _*NOT*_ A DISEASE Update 3.8", is a considerably updated (contains additional supporting information and clarifications) version of the "SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM" version posted to this layman Celiac List Service 1997 February 15. Herein, text style is indicated by bounding the text with indicators as: *italic text* _*italic underlined text*_ _underlined text_ If you would like to receive a Microsoft Word 6 formatted version of the following "CELIAC, A SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM _*NOT*_ A DISEASE Update 3.8" as a .DOC file attachment to an email to you, send an email to me with the Subject thereof being: Request Word 6 formatted CSISND CELIAC, A SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM _*NOT*_ A DISEASE Update 3.8 1998 September 22 email Copyright (C) 1997, 1998 ARTHUR L. HIRDLER. All Rights Reserved. 6416 Community Drive, Houston, Texas 77005-3519, USA Telephone: 1-713-667-5858 E-mail: <[log in to unmask]> EDITIONS: [Titled, SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM; original 1997 February 15 e-mail; Updates: 1) 1997 April 14 e-mail, 2) 1997 April 18 print, 3) 1998 February 14 print, 3.5) 1998 February 22 print, 3.6) 1998 February 28 print, 3.7) 1998 September 18 print], [Titled, CELIAC, A SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM _*NOT*_ A DISEASE; 3.8) 1998 September 22 print] Vertical bars in left margin indicate lines with differences from Update 3.7. ___________________ Notes 1. This writing is the opinion of Arthur L. Hirdler and is not necessarily the opinion of any organization or other individual. All information which you apply should be confirmed to your own satisfaction. 2. Braces, {}, denote replacing an original text, for clarity and/or to use a layman term(s). 3. Words followed by [df] are also in the Definitions section. ___________________ Key Words adenovirus, age, agriculture, amino, ancestors, ancient, antibody, antigen, antigliadin, atherosclerosis, beans, beverage, biochemistry, biological makeup, bronchitis, calcium, calories, cancer, casein, cavities, Celiac, childbearing, civilization, coffee, corn, Cro-Magnon, Denmark, dental, diabetes, diverticulosis, DNA, E1b, emphysema, England, Europe, farm, forage, fossil, gene, genetic, Germany, glacier, gliadin, gluten, Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy, hearing, heritage, height, histocompatibility, HLA Class II, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens, honey, hormone, hunters and gatherers, hypertension, immigration, industrial, inherit, Ireland, lactase, lactose, malaria, meat, menarche, menstruation, MIF, milk, minerals, mosquito, Neanderthals, Near East, neuroactive, neurochemical, neuroleptic, neuropathy, neuroses, noise, nontropical, nutrition, obesity, osteoporosis, Paleolithic, parasite, peptide, physiology, pituitary, plasticity, Poland, polio, postmenopausal, prairies, protein, psychoses, rice, Russia, salt, saturated fat, savanna, Scandinavia, schizophrenia, Sprue, sugar, Superior Immune System, tea, tomatoes, toxicity, United States, vitamins, water, wheat, wild game, woodlands ___________________ Proem In the United States of America people are presumed innocent from wrong doing until proven otherwise. The same should apply to the functionings of one's body. by Arthur L. Hirdler, 1997 April ___________________ Foreword At the 1994 September meeting of the Houston Celiac-Sprue Support Group, Chapter No. 25, Celiac Sprue Association United States of America, Inc. (CSA/USA), but not during its official proceedings, I first expressed to others that through literature [1-13] I had read I had concluded that the Celiac Condition (referred to in some literature as: Celiac Disease, Celiac Sprue, Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy, nontropical sprue) was actually an ancient SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM reacting to a suspected invader, and that said SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM evolved to protect humans against certain dangerous and/or deadly organisms. Subsequent to said 1994 September meeting was received additional information [14-28] (Reference 14 obtained 1998 February 10) which supports the Celiac SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM claim. ___________________ Claims and Supports The Celiac Condition is a SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM in action. The Celiac SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM defends against some organisms for which most non-Celiacs lack defense. The human genes which manifest the Celiac Condition were probably in the vast majority of humans, before gluten containing foods became much of a part of the human meal, and helped many humans stay alive. "{A}griculture ... is only 10,000 years old, ... industrial manufacturing ... is only about 200 years old[.] ... 100,000 generations of humans have been hunters and gatherers; 500 generations have been agriculturalists; [and] ten have lived in the industrial age[.] ... Hunting and gathering was the context in which humans evolved[.] ... {B}efore agriculture ... 100 percent of ... people alive were subsisting as hunters and gatherers" [14]. "Fully 99 percent of our genetic heritage dates from the period before our ancestors became human (and of the {remaining 1 percent}, 99 percent dates from before the development of agriculture [That is, only 0.0001, one-thousandth, of our genes appeared since "the development of agriculture" "10,000 years ago".]). ... ONLY 1 PERCENT of our biological makeup has APPEARED SINCE 7 MILLION YEARS AGO... That the vast majority of our genes are ancient in origin means that nearly all our biochemistry and physiology are fine-tuned to conditions of life that existed before 10,000 years ago" [14]. "There are, however, some simple genetic changes that are known to have taken place within the last 10,000 years, as a response to agriculture. ... The mosquito-borne malaria parasite had been there all along; it had afflicted individual hunters and gatherers much the way it did the agriculturalists who followed. But only after people began living in dense, settled populations, with abundant water sources suitable for mosquito breeding, did it become possible for the malaria parasite to infect and kill in large numbers. Somewhere, probably in the Arabian Peninsula or along the west coast of India, however, a simple genetic change took place, affording individuals a significant degree of protection. ... These carriers of hemoglobin S were better able to resist malaria and so left more offspring, passing the altered gene on to subsequent generations. WITHIN A FEW THOUSAND YEARS ... this genetic adaptation had spread around the Indian Ocean, across the breadth of Africa, and into the southern Mediterranean. ... Another simple genetic change that seems to have occurred during the last 10,000 years is the persistence into adulthood of lactase[.] ... [Said change] arose through natural selection in populations with long traditions of herding cattle, goats, yaks, camels, or horses" [14]. "Lactose intolerance ... affects between 70 [(seventy)] and 90 [(ninety)] percent of African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and people who come from around the Mediterranean. ... {P}eople of central and western European descent and the Fulani of West Africa, typically have no problem drinking milk as adults. ... That kind of adaptation takes many centuries to become established" [28]. "A limited number of other single-gene changes (... possibly the capacity to tolerate GLUTEN, the major wheat protein) are generally recognized by geneticists and anthropologists" [14]. If only "a few thousand years" were needed for the malaria resistant "genetic adaptation" to spread due to periodic malaria outbreaks, and if only "many centuries" were needed for the "lactose intolerance ... adaptation ... to become established", then the genetic gluten-tolerant adaptation would have taken less time to spread and become predominant, which it is, where gluten containing foods were consumed _DAILY_. Some other civilization (settlement) related conditions (such as some stated herein) and/or deaths may have additionally negatively impacted the passage of ancient gluten intolerant genes. New agriculture (including herding, animal husbandry) related foods (coffee; all grains, including rice and corn; milk; sugar; tea; and/or et cetera) may have parts ("protein" "peptide" "sequences") which may have been and still are wrecking many humans. There have been "reports of behavior-modifying activities in gliadin proteins". "{A}mino acid sequences similar to those of established neuroactive peptides" have been found "in the primary structure of A-GLIADIN, a purified gliadin protein from wheat flour" and "in (si-CASEIN, the major protein in cow's milk." "This sequence is similar to that of melanocyte-stimulating-hormone-release-inhibiting factor (MIF)". "The pharmacologic properties of MIF can provide a reasonable biologic mechanism for the postulated toxicity of wheat-derived and milk-derived peptides in schizophrenia", and possibly also in other biochemical neuropathy, neuroses, and/or psychoses. "MIF, in addition to its inhibitory effects on (-melanocyte-stimulating-hormone release by the pituitary [? hypopituitarism], enhances dopaminergic activity in the central nervous system of animals after administration by a variety of routs, including the oral route. MIF antagonizes[df] both the behavioral and the neurochemical effects of neuroleptic drugs in animals" [25]. "It is therefore possible that not only does gluten react with and damage the intestinal mucosa in patients with celiac disease, but in certain susceptible individuals GLUTEN may interfere with the normal biological processes in the brain" [26]. "{A}mong patients with neurological dysfunction of unknown cause" "{w}e found a high frequency (57%)" [thereof with] "antigliadin antibodies". "The frequency of coeliac disease within the same group[, "patients with neurological dysfunction of unknown cause",] was at least 16%, which is FORTY TIMES HIGHER than that in studies of symptom-free individuals[, the declared normal population]" [27]. [Do you feel anxiety, arthritic, claustrophobic, concentration deprived, confusion, delusional, depressed, detached, frustration, hallucinative, hysteric, irritable, melancholic, mood swings, nervous, paranoid, phobic, stressed, and/or et cetera? Could parts of said new agricultural related foods be the culprit(s)?] "It is a basic belief in evolutionary biology that genes survive over thousands of generations only if they confer some advantage to the species" [15]. "Two different ["inherited"] HLA {genes} appear with great frequency in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy. HLA-B8 is" in "60 to 90 per cent of them", but only "20 to 25 per cent ... in the normal population"; and there is "HLA-DW3 ... in 80 per cent of the patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy", but only "20 to 30 per cent in the normal population. Family studies in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy indicate that these histocompatibility {genes} are, indeed, inherited and not disease-acquired antigen[df] specificities. ... Animals lacking the appropriate histocompatibility gene cannot mount an immune response [to a specific antigen(s)]. ... Genetic analysis of HLA {genes} in patients [with gluten-sensitive enteropathy] and their families suggested the possible need for a second genetic factor[.] ... Such a genetic marker was found ... on the surface of B lymphocytes of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy[.] ... This marker is present in 75 to 80 per cent of [Celiac] patients but only in 6 to 18 per cent of normal people. In contrast to the general normal population, the {genetic marker} is PRESENT IN 100 PER CENT OF PARENTS of patients[.] ... Thus, the gene coding for this antigen has a recessive mode of inheritance. Furthermore, it appears that a homozygous[df] condition for this gene, in addition to the HLA {gene}, is required for {Celiac} manifestation. ... Data have been developed which suggest that HLA-B8 may be associated with a generalized immune hyperresponsiveness[.] ... Individuals with these HLA genes [HLA-B8] may have a more vigorous immune response to certain antigens. ... Mawhiney showed that oral challenge with polio virus produces a significantly higher antibody response in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy than in normals, once again supporting the concept that these patients are hyperresponding to various oral antigens" [12]. There is "similarity of some sequences of gliadin peptides with several pathogenic viruses" [16A]. "Kasarda ... looked for structure homology between the A-gliadin peptide and other proteins and screened A-gliadin against about 1500 proteins (minimal requirement: at least eight or more amino acid identities within a 20 residue segment). Eleven proteins were detected[.] ... The only protein that shared significant sequence homology with A-gliadin was the early region E1b protein of human adenovirus type 12" [13]. For "a virus named adenovirus 12[,] ... patients with celiac ... much more frequently have antibodies against this virus" [17]. There is "evidence of previous infection with type 12 adenovirus among 89 percent of a series of patients with untreated celiac sprue as compared with only 17 percent of control subjects" [18]. "So what you are seeing is an intense immune system response directed against GLUTEN, just as if the body were being invaded by bacteria and responding to fight it off" [19]. "The intolerants most probably had some selective advantage which counterbalanced the gluten intolerance: it is possible to suggest that it was their very effective HLA Class II system that gave them a selective advantage against infections" [16A]. In 1997 July, it was reported that "humans didn't descend from Neanderthals. ... Neanderthals ... never mixed their genes with early humans. ... Comparing the DNA structure of Neanderthals with that of modern humans ... {t}he findings suggest that humans and Neanderthals split from a common ancestor about 600,000 years ago" [20]. There are differing opinions about Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens (Modern) as to when they may have lived in the same regions [21, 22]; from what locality the latter originated, the "multiregional theory" and "'Out of Africa' hypothesis" [21, 23, 24]; what their interaction may have been [21, 22]; and the intelligence of each [22]. So exactly from what locality those with Celiac genes originated is currently debatable. However, Europe, especially the Northern regions thereof, north of from Ireland into and possibly through Russia (roughly about the 47.5 to 50th North Latitude), and some locations between roughly about the 47.5 to 50th North Latitude and the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea (roughly about the 45th North Latitude) may have been initially populated by those who were very reactive to gluten. Those ancestors, originally in other regions, after ingesting gluten, could not compete (due to for example: lack of energy and/or other manifestations). So to save their lives (possibly from for example: cannibalism; competition (for food, lodging, mates, territory, tools, et cetera); genocide; intolerance; jealousy; et cetera) they gradually spread northwardly. Eventually ice and/or sea blocked immigration northwardly. The last bastions away from farming for hunters and gatherers with gluten reactive genes being the more northern regions, allowed in those regions more generations with very gluten reactive genes to pass those genes to descendants. "Twenty thousand [20,000] years ago, thick ice sheets covered northern England, all of Scandinavia, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland, and northern Russia. There was also glacial ice over the Alps, the Pyrenees, and much of northern North America, including the Missouri and Ohio river valleys. ... {L}and close to the permanent ice wall of the glacier were ... [mostly] grassland[.] ... {M}ost foragers in the world of that time settled far from the glaciers in less extreme environments: on temperate prairies, in woodlands, in river valleys, and on tropical savannas" [14]. There were many vast grasslands. During times of extreme lack of most other foods humans probably ate the grasses. "Our relationship to the environment [of 1988]--the foods we eat and the types of physical exercise we engage in--are further examples of our changed world. The problem is that our genes don't know it. They are programming us today in much the same way they have been programming humans for at least 40,000 [(forty-thousand)] years. Genetically, our bodies now are virtually the same as they were then. ... 'Now' is so radically different--its demands so new--that our very old human design has not had time to adapt. ... {T}here was a certain stability in the human evolutionary line--until 10,000 years ago. At that time, and again 250 years ago, the essence of human experience *was* altered" [14]. "{T}he wheat and corn we eat today were unknown 10,000 years ago. ... Cultivation of wheat ... began in the Near East around 10,000 years ago, then spread to places where wheat had never previously grown. ... The resulting 'bread' wheat ... had more GLUTEN[.] ... Corn went through a similar transformation. Wild corn had tiny ears, typically less than an inch long ... {a}bout 4,000 years ago[.] ... Beans and tomatoes were also transformed, becoming larger and hardier after centuries of cultivation and selection. ... {A}s the wild strains were repeatedly and selectively bred, many foods declined in nutritional quality. Wild einkorn wheat, for example, has 50 percent more protein than does hard red winter wheat (the most common type grown in North America), and many wild plant foods contain more calcium than do their cultivated forms" [14]. "Sugar consumption ... was quite modest until recently. As late as 1800, the annual per capita consumption of refined sugar was only four pounds. ... Today, the average American consumes those same four pounds in just two weeks. ... {N}early 20 percent of our average daily caloric intake is sugar" [14]. "So, here we are in the late twentieth century, with a 40,000-year-old model body[.] ... This mismatch ... can account for many of our ills, especially the chronic 'diseases of civilization' that cause 75 percent of the deaths in industrial societies. ... Perhaps the most intriguing discovery emerging from these studies is that the diseases which cause most deaths in our society are infrequent among hunters and gatherers. ... {A}ll their food [was] from wild game and uncultivated plants. ... It was low in saturated fat and salt. Water was the major, and usually only, beverage. Refined sugar--mainly honey--was available only seasonally. ... Although meat was prominent, wild game contains so much less fat--about one-seventh as much as domesticated meat--that their total intake of fat, especially saturated fat, was much lower than ours. ... Chronic diseases we cannot yet control or treat--the major killers of people in modern times--are ones that barely afflict {hunters and gatherers} at all. These are the diseases fostered by technologically complex societies, or civilizations: atherosclerosis ["the pathologic process underlying most heart attacks and strokes"], hypertension ["high blood pressure"], diabetes ["diabetes mellitus"], chronic obstructive lung disease ["includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis"], and several common cancers ["lung"; "colon ... and rectum"; "breast ... In epidemiological studies, fat consumption and breast tumors are correlated."], as well as less deadly disease processes such as osteoporosis ["loss of bony material"], hearing loss ["industrial", "recreational", "traffic", "household appliances, building construction, farm machinery, subways, lawn mowers, sirens, chain saws, and airport ... noise levels common in Western society are a major threat to hearing"], dental caries ["'cavities' ... By 1900, caries was thirty-five times as frequent as it had been in prehistoric Britain." "{I}t is clear that Paleolithic people had limited exposure to sugar. Only about 2 percent of fossil teeth from the Late Paleolithic show evidence of cavities, and even these are shallow and small. In contrast, about 70 percent of the teeth in some recent industrialized populations (for example England in 1900) have had cavities, and these have frequently been very large."], alcohol-related diseases, diverticulosis ["small saclike protrusions of the colonic lining ... the most common bowel disorder; it affects nearly half of all Americans over age fifty."], and obesity ["desirable ranges of body fat ... 10 to 15 percent for men and 20 to 25 percent for women may more nearly represent what human evolution has designed us to carry in the way of adipose[df] tissue. ... {O}besity and, for example, colon cancer are related, at least statistically. A more direct relationship between obesity and cancer of the endometrium (cancer of the uterus in one of its two main forms) has been shown to result from abnormal levels of estrogenic sex hormones--especially in postmenopausal women"] [14]. Two other examples of supportive evidence that various changes in humans have occurred since the beginning of agriculture, at least ten thousand (10,000) years ago, are human height and the age of human female menarche; "{t}he first menstruation in girls" [29]. Human height is a "mode of adaptation concerned [with] the irreversible, lifelong modification of people as they develop" [28], one of the adaptations for which "Anthropologists us the term 'plasticity'" [14]. "*Plasticity* refers to the ability of many organisms, including humans, to alter themselves--their behavior or even their biology--in response to changes in the environment" [28]. In other words, "We do not inherit specific attributes such as adult height--we inherit genes which establish a range of genetic potential" [14]. "Because we humans take so many years to grow to adulthood, and because we live in so many different environments, from forests to cities and from deserts to the Arctic, we are among the world's most variable species in our physical form and behavior. Indeed, we are one of the most plastic of all species" [28]. "{T}he 1984 Leakey-Walker ["1.5 million year old"] fossil skeleton ["of a twelve-year-old boy whose projected adult height"] indicat{es} that *Homo erectus* could reach an adult height of 6 [six] feet 2 [two] inches" [14]. "The height of eastern Mediterranean hunters and gatherers 30,000 [(thirty thousand)] years ago ... has been estimated as averaging 5 [(five)] feet 9.75 [(nine and three-quarters)] inches for males and 5 [(five)] feet 5.5 [(five and a half)] inches for females" [14]. "{T}he height of Cro-Magnon hunters and gatherers living 25,000 [(twenty-five thousand)] years ago, ... males averaged nearly 5'10" [(five feet ten inches)] and females nearly 5'6" [(five feet six inches)]" [14]. "During the Revolutionary Ware, American soldiers averaged 5' [(five feet)] 5 1/2" [(five and a half inches)] in height" [14]. "Back in 1850 {"the Dutch"} averaged only 5' [(five feet)] 4" [(four inches)]--the shortest men in Europe" [28]. "{I}n 1850 Americans were the tallest people in the world, with American men averaging 5' [(five feet)] 6" [(six inches)]" [28]. "Almost 150 years later, American men now[, about 1988,] average 5' [(five feet)] 8" [(eight inches)], [in about 1988 "American men of similar age[,to those said "Revolutionary Ware, American soldiers",] average about 5' [(five feet)] 9" [(nine inches)]" [14],] but we have fallen in the standings and are now only the third tallest people in the world. In first place are the Dutch. ... {T}hey are a towering 5' [(five feet)] 10" [(ten inches)]. (In these two groups, and just about everywhere else, women average about five inches less than men at all times.) So what happened? ... In both America and the Netherlands life got better, but more so for the Dutch, and height increased as a result. ... {W}e can use the average height of any group of people as a barometer of the health of their society" [28]. "The evidence now suggests that preagricultural humans were essentially similar to us in height, or even slightly taller, for well over a million years, but that after the appearance of agriculture inadequate, limited protein intake 'dwarfed' most succeeding human populations until this century[, with "well-nourished industrial populations"]. Of course the time frame for the changeover from foraging to agriculture varied with specific geographic locations, but in nearly all cases the shift was accompanied by a decrease in body size. This suggests that agriculture could not consistently provide the abundance of calories, vitamins, minerals (particularly calcium), and especially proteins that were available to Paleolithic hunters and gatherers and, more recently, to ourselves. As nutrition gets better, it seems, human height attains levels near the peak of our genetic potential" [14]. The human female age of menarche has at least recently been changing. In the Table "Reproductive Milestones Among Hunting and Gathering Women", of three such groups, the average age of menarche is 16 (sixteen). "Through study of church, family, and other records, the lateness of first childbearing in Europe, England, and the United States during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries [due to lateness of menarche] has been shown. ... For the United States ... there have been increases in the rate of teenage childbearing at least since 1940." "Evidence that the age at first menstruation, or menarche, has been dropping in the United States and Europe for more than a century, has been repeatedly summarized." "{C}onservatively estimated, [for menarche] there has been a 2- to 3-year decline in northern Europe over a period of 150 [(one-hundred and fifty)] years." "This long-term trend in earlier maturation--also called the secular trend--has been well documented not only for age at menarche but for the general rate at which youngsters grow and the height and weight they eventually attain. For example, the age of the girl at the time she reaches five feet in height has decreased at about the same rate as the age that she menstruates for the first time--namely four months per decade. ... The long-term trend toward earlier maturation appears to have stopped in some populations[.] ... The trend is continuing in other populations, however, especially in the underdeveloped world, where menarche may still come later than age 13. In northern Europe, it appears to have stabilized at just about 13 years and in New England at a slightly younger age. ... It now seems possible, despite some exceptions, that the mean age at menarche may not drop much below 12.5 to 13 years anywhere in the world, and that this may be a basic biological lower limit for this milestone in our species. ... Urban living is definitely associated with earlier maturation, an effect that has been shown throughout the world, but the meaning of this association is difficult to determine, since urbanization is accompanied by changes in most of all of the other, more specific, proposed causes" [14]. "The 'normal' human pattern is, ultimately, whatever encourages the optimal functioning of our biochemical and physiological endowment--an endowment refined in the context of Late Paleolithic experience" [14]. In light of the herein, Celiac and/or the Celiac Condition is _NOT_ a disease and should _NOT_ be referred to as such. ___________________ Definitions: adipose -- "*adj*. Of or pertaining to fat; fatty" [29]. antagonize -- "3. To counteract; neutralize" [29]. antigen -- "*n*. *Biochem*. Any of several substances, such as toxins, enzymes, or foreign proteins, that cause the development of antibodies" [29]. homozygous -- "*adj*." of "homozygote ... *n*. *Biol*. A zygote formed by the conjugation of two gametes having the same allele of a specific genetic character" [29]. ___________________ References: 1. _Stedman's Medical Dictionary_, Illustrated 23rd ed., Williams & Williams Co., 1976, page 1322. 2. _Fishbein's Illustrated Medical and Health Encyclopedia_, H. S. Stuttman Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1978, pages 210-211. 3. _The CIBA Collection of Medical Illustrations_, Vol. 3, "Digestive System Part III Lower Digestive Tract", by Frank H. Netter, M.D., ed by Ernst Oppenheimer, M.D., 1979, pages 135-137. 4. _The CIBA Collection of Medical Illustrations_, Vol. 4, "Endocrine System & Selected Metabolic Diseases", by Frank H. Netter, M.D., 1979, pages 228-230. 5. _Atlas of the Body_ (TIME Presents the Rand McNally), by Mitchell Beazley Publishers, London, Claire Rayner, contributing editor, Rand McNally & Company, New York, 1980. 6. _The American Medical Association Family Medical Guide_, Jeffrey R. M. Kunz, M.D., ed-in-chief, Darling Kindersley Limited, London, 1982, pages 474-475, 684 [On this page, 684, this reference wrongly states that "Celiac disease is an allergy".] 7. _Mosby's Medical & Nursing Dictionary_, St Louis, 1983, pages 191, 646, 747, 1015. 8. _The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy_, Fifteenth Edition, by Robert Berkow, M.D., *Editor-in-Chief*, Andrew J. Fletcher, M.B., B.Chir., *Assistant Editor*, et al., Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., U.S.A., 1987, pages 789, 792-794, 2294. 9. "Do Our Genes Determine Which Foods We Should Eat?" (Health: Returning Hawaiians to a native diet), by Laura Shapiro, _NEWSWEEK_, August 9, 1993, page 64. 10. _Can A Gluten-Free Diet Help? How?_, by Lloyd Rosenvold, M.D., Keats Publishing, Inc., New Canaan, Connecticut, 1992. 11. CSA-20, ("Twenty articles/chapters related to the conditions of Celiac Sprue and Dermatitis Herpetiformis."), compiled by Celiac Sprue Association/United States of America, Inc., P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131-0700, phone 402-558-0600. [As distributed in about 1993 November.] 12. "Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy", by Z. Myron Falchuk, _Clinics in Gastroenterology_, Vol. 12, No. 2, May 1983, publisher W. B. Saunders Company Ltd, pages 486, 488-489. [Included in Reference 11.] 13. "Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: The Sprue Syndromes", by Henrik Westergaard, MD, with assistance of Bettye Culwell, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, _The American Journal of the Medical Sciences_, Volume 290 Number 6, December 1985, page 256. [Included in Reference 11.] 14. _The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet & Exercise and a Design for Living_; S. Boyd Eaton, M.D. (Chief of radiology at West Paces Ferry Hospital, associate clinical professor of radiology at Emory University School of Health Policy Council for the State of Georgia); Marjorie Shostak (Adjunct assistant professor of anthropology at Emory University); Melvin Konner, M.D., Ph.D. (Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Anthropology at Emory University); Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, ISBN 0-06-015871-9, 1988, pages 26-27, 29, 34-35, 38-39, 41-63, 88, 92, 95-96, 220-223, and 267-269. 15. "Cystic fibrosis gene survives for a reason: Research suggests it keeps cholera at bay", by Associated Press, Washington, _The Houston Post_, Friday, October 7, 1994, page A-10. 16. FROM THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE GLUTEN INTOLERANCE: BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED TO THE CULTIVATION OF WHEAT., by Luigi Greco, D.C.H., M.Sc.(MCH), M.D., Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples, 30.06.1995; L-Soft list service at St. John's University (1.8b) [[log in to unmask]], File: "CELIAC CUL-WHT". Section: A. The Rise of the Intolerance to Gluten. 17. "Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease: Genetic, Environmental and Immunologic Factors"; Stephen James, M.D.; in _CELIAC DISEASE. The Dark Side of the Gastrointestinal Planet_, [A symposium on Celiac Disease by University of Maryland School of Medicine at the Marriott Hotel, Inner Harbor, Baltimore, 1995 July 14 and 15.]; by Ivor D. Hill, MB, ChB, MD; Karoly Horvath, MD, PhD; Alessio Fasano, MD. 18. "Celiac Sprue", Trier, Jerry S., MD; _The New England Journal of Medicine_, 1991 December 12, 325:24:1709-at least 1716. 19. "Etiology and Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease"; a talk by William O. Dobbins, MD; summarized by Jim Lyles; _The Sprue-Nik Press_, by Tri-County Celiac Sprue Support Group, Farmington Hills, MI, 1995 May, 20:8-12. 20. "You're Not a Neanderthal After All", author nonknown, _NEWSWEEK_, 1997 July 21, page 65. [Article about "a major study released in the journal Cell last week".] 21. "Predecessor to man and modern human may have coexisted", by Curt Suplee, Washington Post, _Houston Chronicle_, Friday, Dec. 13, 1996, page 2A. [Article about, "The controversial study, reported in today's issue of Science".] 22. "Evidence hints 2 species of early man coexisted: Redating Java man challenges some branches of evolutionary tree", by Faye Flam, Knight-Ridder Tribune News, _Houston Chronicle_, Monday, Jan. 6, 1997, page 16D. [Article about, "new evidence of such a coexistence in the journal Science" "earlier this month".] 23. "Scientist unsure when men began but think they know Y: Chromosome studies point to 'Adam' as common ancestor", by John Noble Wilford, New York Times, _Houston Chronicle_, Thursday, Nov. 23, 1995, page 22A. 24. "An Ancient Wanderlust: A find suggests that humans left home early", by Sharon Begley, _NEWSWEEK_, November 27, 1995, pages 78-79. [Article on report "in the journal Nature", possibly the cover story of the journal Nature 1995 November 16 issue.] 25. "MIF-like Sequences in Milk and Wheat Proteins", Frank J. Mycroft, M.S., M.P.H.; E. T. Wei, Ph.D.; John E. Bernardin, Ph.D.; Donald D. Kasarda, Ph.D.; _The New England Journal of Medicine_, 1982 September 30, 307:14:895. 26. "Immunologic Reaction of Psychotic Patients to Fractions of Gluten", Ashkenazi, Azaria, M.D.; Krasilowsky, David, M.D.; Levin, Stanley, M.D.; Idar, Dalia, M.SC.; Kalian, Moshe, M.D.; Or, Ayala, M.SC.; Ginat, Yigal, M.D.; Halperin, Bianca, M.D.; _American Journal of Psychiatry_, 1979 October, 136:10:1306-1309. 27. "Does cryptic gluten sensitivity play a part in neurological illness?", Hadjivassiliou, M; Gibson, A; Davies-Jones, G A B; Lobo, A J; Stephenson, T J; Milford-Ward, A; _The Lancet_ (International Journal of Medical Science and Practice), 1996 February 10, 347:369-371. 28. "The Tall _*and*_ the Short of It", Barry Bogin; illustrations by Malcolm Tarlofsky; _Discover_, 1998 February, pages 40-44. 29. _The Reader's Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary_, (Including Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary), The Reader's Digest Association, Inc., Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-21606, Printed in the United States of America, 10th Printing, 1975. -- Copyright (C) 1998 ARTHUR L. HIRDLER. All Rights Reserved. <[log in to unmask]>, Houston, Texas, USA.