> THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY > > R E F E R E N C E N O T E S > > THE AFRICAN ORIGINS OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS: > A NEW PARADIGM FOR SCIENTIFIC THINKING; AN ANNOTATED > BIBLIOGRAPHY > > Developed by KAMAU BEYETE A. SADIKI > > Posted by RUNOKO RASHIDI > > DEDICATED TO DR. MAE C. JEMISON > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > This annotated bibliography is a compilation of books, > papers and articles that can provide some insight into > the accomplishments of early Africans and > African-Americans in science and mathematics. It can > be utilized for research purposes or just to expand > the general reader's consciousness on the subject > matter. It is by no means exhaustive or all inclusive. > It merely reflects some of the materials that I have > utilized in my own research. --Kamau Beyete A. Sadiki > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > 1. Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern, ed. by Ivan > Van Sertima, Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ, > 1983 > > A compilation of very thoroughly researched papers > that documents Africa's contributions to astronomy, > agriculture, architecture, engineering, aeronautics, > mathematics, medicine, metallurgy, physics and writing > systems. Also included in this text are articles > detailing the African-American's contributions to > science and invention. Some of the papers that are > worth special mention are John Pappademos' "An Outline > of Africa's Role in the History of Physics", Dr. > Charles Finch's "The African Background of Medical > Science", "Steel Making in Ancient Africa" by Debra > Shore, "The Pyramids: Ancient Showcase of African > Science and Technology" by Beatrice Lumpkin and John > Henrik Clarke's "Lewis Latimer: Bringer of the Light". > > > 2. Africa Counts, Claudia Zaslavsky, Prindle, Weber, > and Schmidt, New Your, 1973 > > This is a pioneering work that is well written and > documented. It details the early African mathematical > practices found almost throughout Africa. A must > reading for those interested in the African origins of > mathematics. > > 3. Stolen Legacy, George G. M. James, Julian > Richardson Associates, San Francisco, 1976 > > In this scholarly book, Professor James declares that > Greek philosophy is a misnomer. He thoroughly > documents the African origins of Grecian civilization > and the study of Greek philosophers and mathematicians > in Africa. Dr. James also puts forth an hypothesis > based on the ancient Kemetic creation story as a > metaphorical scientific explanation for the creation > of the universe. > > 4. Journal of African Civilizations, Vol. 4, No. 1, > ed. by Ivan VanSertima, Transaction Books, New > Burnswick, NJ, 1982 > > This special issue of the scholarly journal edited by > Dr. Van Sertima deals exclusively with the African and > African-American contributions to science and > invention. > > 5. The African Origins of Civilization, Cheikh Anta > Diop, Lawrence Hill Press, New York, 1974 > > Here we have the most thorough documentation of the > African ethnicity of the ancient people who developed > the mathematics and sciences upon which modern > civilization is based (Ethiopians, so-called > Egyptians, Nubians, Sudanese, Colchis, etc.). > Excellent documentation regarding the origins of the > scholarship of Greek philosophers, i.e., Herodotus, > Diodorus, Plato, Plutarch, et. al. > > 6. An Introduction to the History of Mathematics, > Howard Eves, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 3rd > ed., 1969; History of Mathematics, Arthur Gittleman, > Charles E. Merrill Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1975. > > These two books are primarily devoted to the origin of > mathematics in the ancient world, followed by > subsequent European developments based upon these > model: Kemetic number system, Ahmose (Rhind) Papyri, > African surveyors, 3-4-5 triangle, truncated pyramid > (seal of the US dollar bill), Kemetic algebra, etc. > > 7. The Pyramids, Ahmed Fakhry, University of Chicago > Press, Chicago, IL, 1975 > > This book not only describes the structure and > dimensions of the three best known pyramids at Giza, > but furnishes the same information in respect to at > least a dozen others, including the Step Pyramid at > Saqqara. > > 8. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Arnold Chase, > National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1979 > > A thorough analysis of one of the ancient mathematical > journal left by African mathematicians. Originally > known as the Ahmose Mathematician Papyrus (Ahmose > being the author), it documents the use of geometry, > trigonometry, algebra (aha), arithmetic progression, > proportionality, volume and area calculations, etc. > > 9. Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs, Richard > Gillings, Cambridge MIT Press, 1972 > > Gillings thoroughly documents the extensive > mathematical activity of the ancient Kemetic people. > His work begins with the four basic arithmetic > operations and continues with fractions, algebra, > geometric and arithmetic progression, and finding > areas and volumes of various geometric shapes. > > 10. Golden Legacy, Baylor Publishing Co. and Community > Enterprise, Inc., Seattle, WA, 1983 > > Golden Legacy is a series of illustrated Black history > magazines written in a "comic book" type format. Short > biographical stories are developed around great > personalities in Black history. Several volumes deals > with scientists and inventors. Excellent for > kindergarten and early elementary lesson planning on > African-American science and mathematics. > > 11. A Young Genius in Old Egypt, Beatrice Lumpkin, > DuSable Museum Press, Chicago, 1979 > > This is an excellent primer for early elementary > school ages on the origins of mathematics. It tells > the story of a young African growing up to become one > of ancient Kemet's (Egypt's) greatest mathematicians. > It is very well illustrated, also. > > 12. Seven Black American Scientists and Eight Black > American Inventors, Robert Hayden, Addisonian Press, > Reading, MA, 1970 & 1972, respectively; Black > Inventors of America, McKinley Burt, Jr., National > Book Co., Portland, OR, 1969 > > Excellent biographies on the lives of Black American > scientists and inventors are detailed in these works. > Each of them can easily be used to develop lessons > using the "Great Personality" approach as suggested by > Dr. John Henrik Clarke. Professor Burt's book goes a > step further and offers a still timely analysis of how > some of these Black innovator's invention tremendously > affected the American and, in some instances, world > industrial complex. > > 13. The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt, Paul > Ghalioungui, Verlan Phillip Von Zabern, Mainz, West > Germany, 1983 > > In this work Dr. Ghaliougui provides us with a good > look into the high level of development that was > achieved by ancient African priest- physicians in the > medical sciences. There were specialized physicians > such as surgeons, veterinarians, therapists, > pathologists, physicians of the eyes, stomach and > teeth, etc. Dr. Ghaliougui also looks closely at the > organization of the ancient medical profession and the > personalities of some of the ancient > priest-physicians. > > 14. A History of Science, George Sarton, Vol. 1, > Harvard Press, Cambridge, MA, 1952 > > Although this volume deals with the Hellenistic > sciences, it is mentioned here because chapter two is > a thoroughly written exposition of the sciences of > ancient Kemet. A position is taken by Sarton that the > supposedly scientific activity of the ancient Kemetic > people was indeed scientific and the priest-scientist > of that time laid the foundation for later Greek and > Western science. "They were our first guides and our > first teachers (in the sciences)", says Sarton. > > 15. "African Star Gazers: Why Doesn't Western Science > Take Them Seriously?", Hunter H. Adams, III, Paper > delivered at the 5th Annual Third World Conference, > Chicago, IL, March, 1979 > > In this paper Mr. Adams clearly articulates the > fundamental differences between the development and > practice of African science and what later develops as > Western science. He utilized the Dogon people West > Africa and their astronomical knowledge, particularly > their knowledge about the Sirius star system, to > exemplify the differences. To understand the > differences in the development of scientific knowledge > in African and the West, this paper is highly > recommended. > > 16. The Dawn of Astronomy, N. Lockyer, MacMillan and > Co., New York, 1894 > > This is the most authoritative documentation on the > advent of astronomy in Africa. Lockyer scholarly > documents how the science of astronomy was an integral > part of the ancient Kemetic people's lifeways, from > religion to architecture. > > 17. Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Peter Tompkins, > Harper & Row, New York, 1971 > > An intriguing but well documented look at the early > scientific and mathematical investigations in the > Great Pyramid of Khufu. An excellent and detailed > description of the mathematics, astronomy, geodesics, > and mensuration techniques developed form the > configurations of the Great Pyramid. Tompkins > emphatically states that the builders knew the precise > circumference of the earth, the mean length of the > earth's orbit, the value po pi and phi (know as the > Golden Section during the recent "Age of > Enlightenment" in Europe), the acceleration of > Gravity, the speed of light, trigonometric values, and > a host of other mathematical and scientific facts. He > also offers evidence that such great Greek > mathematicians and philosophers as Plato, Pythagoras, > Solon, Thales, Diodorus, Herodotus, and others named > Kemet as the birthplace of geometry, and the place in > which many Greeks went to study. > > 18. Mathematics in the Making, Lancelot Hogben, > Doubleday & Co., New York, 1960 > > This is an omnibus volume providing a thorough survey > of developments in all areas of mathematics from > Dynastic Kemet of the times of Newton and Gauss. Many > illustrations and diagrams in color that lends > themselves to lesson plans and class projects. > > 19. Africa: Mother of Western Civilizations, Yosef A. > A. ben-Jochannan, Alkebu-lan Books, New York, 1971 > > 20. The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient > World, Guido Majno, Harvard University Press, > Cambridge, MA, 1975 > > 21. The Edwin Smith Medical Papyrus, James Breasted, > University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1931 > > An in-depth analysis of what is probably the most > detailed medical book written by ancient Africans. It > has an illustration of a cross-section of the head > with sections of the brain identified in Mdw Ntr > (so-called hieroglyphics). > > 22. The House of Life (Per Ankh): Magic and Medical > Science in Ancient Egypt, Paul Ghalioungui, B. M. > Israel Press, Amsterdam, 1973 > > This text is a well written treatise on the medical > profession in ancient Kemet. It documents the ancient > African sacerdotal medical activity in such fields as > surgery, physiopathology, gynecology, obstetrics > pharmacology, ophthalmology, and dentistry. > Ghalioungui also deals with the application "magic" in > the healing arts of ancient Kemet. > > 23. The Mechanical Triumph of the Ancient Egyptians, > F. Barber, Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd, > London, 1900 > > This is a good early attempt to explain the > engineering and mechanical achievements of the ancient > Kemetic engineers without the use of some simple > machines. > > 24. Destruction of Black Civilization, Chancellor > Williams, Third World Press, Chicago, 1974 > > Dr. Williams offers the reader an explanation of the > often neglected aspect of African history. i.e., how > African civilizations were destroyed by hostile forces > from Europe and Asia. He goes further and offers a > plan on ho to reverse the harmful effects of the > destruction of African civilization. > > 25. The African Presence in Ancient America: They Came > Before Columbus, Ivan VanSertima, Random House, New > York, 1976 > > In this book Dr. VanSertima draws upon his mastery of > several academic disciplines to demonstrate that > African made successful voyages to the American > continent before Columbus. He further proves that the > earliest civilization in America was influenced by > these African visitors perhaps as early as 1000 B.C. > (See also Before Columbus by Dr. Samuel D. Marble, A. > S. Barnes & Co., New York, 1980; The Black Discovery > of America by Michael Bradley, Personal Library > Publishers, Toronto, Canada, 1981; and African and the > Discovery of America by Leo Wiener, Innes and Sons, > Philadelphia, 1920). > > 26. Scared Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy, > R. A. Schwaller deLubicz, Inner Traditions > International, New York, 1982 > > 27. The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, > Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, William I. > Thompson, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1981. > > 28. Black Man of the Nile and His Family, Yosef A. A. > ben-Jochannan, Alkebulan Books, New York, 1981 > > Dr. ben-Jochannan draws upon his varied experiences, > talents and academic training to bring the reader a > monumental work that shows convincingly that the > original Kemetic people (so-called Egyptians) were > Black people. He employs a multi-disciplinary approach > that can leave no doubt in the mind of honest readers > that the Nile Valley is the original home of African > civilization. > > 29. World's Greatest Men of Color, Joel A. Rogers, > Vols. I & II, MacMillan Press, New York, 1973 > > J. A. Rogers brilliantly recounts the individual > achievements of African men and women around the > world. Each biography is supported by a complete > bibliography. This is a rare work that demonstrates > that Africans have participated in all of the major > cultures of the world. > > 30. Africa's Gift to America, Joel A. Rogers, Helga M. > Rogers (publisher), New York, 1961 > > This is an easy to read introduction to great African > Achievements form the African continent to America. > Mr. Rogers offers complete references throughout the > book. > > 31. Wretched of the Earth, Franz Fanon, Grove Press, > New York, 1968 > > The author, a revolutionary and brilliant > psycho-analyst, expertly explores the harmful aspects > of colonization from the perspective of the colonized. > This work has universal applications for all oppressed > people in their struggles against foreign domination. > > 32. Introduction to African Civilizations, John G. > Jackson, University Press, New York, 1970 > > With painstaking objectivity, and brilliant > scholarship, Prof. Jackson obliterates the picture of > African being backward and contributing nothing of > significance to the evolution of civilization. This > work challenges all of the standard approaches to > African history and provides new insights into the > subject that clearly show the development of > civilization in Africa. Mr. Jackson provides the > reader with an abundance of documentation and > references that corroborates the contention of an > African origin of civilization. > > 33. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in > Cultural Ecology, Karl Butzer, University of Chicago > Press, Chicago, 1976 > > Butzer has produced an excellent primer on the early > hydraulic culture of Nile Valley civilization. It is > revealing in that show some of the sophisticated > hydraulic techniques used by ancient Africans in the > Nile Valley which propel them into civilized > societies. > > 34. Selections from the Husia: The Sacred Wisdom of > Ancient Egypt, Maulana Karenga, Kawaida Publications, > Los Angeles, 1984 > > Dr. Karenga meaningfully selected and beautifully > retranslated several books ancient scared literature > that clearly illustrates the high moral and ethical > lifeways of the ancient Kemetic people. The Husia also > provides literary insights into Kemetic pedagogy, > religion, philosophy, and human behavior. A must > reading for any student who seeks a rich and clear > understanding of Kemetic literature and lifeways. > > 35. The Sirius Mystery, Robert K. G. Temple, St. > Martin's Press, New York, 1976 > > Robert Temple attempts to shed some light on the > extraordinary astronomical knowledge of the Dogon > people of Mali, West Africa. The binary star system > called Sirius A and B is central to the Dogon lifeway. > After doing meticulous research on the Sirius > question, Temple implies that the Dogon was instructed > in their wisdom by extra- terrestrial visitors from > outer space. > > 36. The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved, Joseph Davidovits > and Margie Morris, Hippocrene Books, New York, 1988 > > Davidovits and Morris puts forth yet another theory on > the construction of the pyramids. It provides new > insights into the question because old data is not > rehashed. Their thesis is that the stones used as > building material is a cement aggregate that were > casted in place and not quarried blocks of limestone > as most pyramid construction theorist suggest. The > critical piece of data for their thesis is the > so-called Famine Stele found on the Shele Island that, > according toe Davidovits' translation, has the > alchemical process for producing the aggregate. > > 37. The Legacy of Egypt, S. R. K. Glanville, Oxford > University Press, 1942 > > This is a compilation of several articles that discuss > ancient Kemetic contributions from the calendar to > modern Islam and Christianity. There are three > excellent papers on mechanical and technical > processes, materials, science, and medicine. Good > primers on ancient Kemetic scientific achievements. > > 38. Egyptian Sacred Science in Islam, Rafiq Bilal & > Thomas Goodwin, Bennu Publishers, San Francisco, 1985 > > Bilal and Goodwin are two young African-American > scholars that are carrying on the tradition of cutting > edge research among African scholars concerning > ancient Kemet's impact on the major religions of > today. This work documents the parallels in Kemetic > lifeways and the Islamic religion. They also proposes > an interesting hypothesis about the ancient Kemetic > symbol for like, the Ankh, being a symbol of the > phenomena in nature known as the Hydrologic Cycle. > > 39. "Maat: The African Universe", Jacob Carruthers, > Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, San Francisco > State University Black Studies Dept. San Francisco, > 1982 > > Maat, in its simplest definition, is defined as truth, > justice and righteousness. It was the supreme ethical > paradigm which dictated the behavior of ancient > Kemetic people and priest-scientist. In this article > Dr. Carruthers explains the universality of the > concept of Maat and how ethical behavior was a norm in > Kemetic society. > > 40. Egyptian Mysteries: New Light on Ancient Spiritual > Knowledge, Lucy Lamy, Crossroads Books, New York, 1981 > > > Lamy studied very closely with the French Egyptologist > Schwaller deLubiz at the Temple of Ipet Isut, in > present day Luxor. This book provides a good > interpretation of the transphysical aspects of the > lifeways of ancient Kemetic people. With the exoterica > removed, it also reveals a certain degree of > scientific thinking that would be other wise obscure. > A good reference in understanding the > scientific-spiritual relationship in ancient Kemet. > > 41. Islamic Science: An Illustrated Study, Seyyed H. > Nasr, Westerham Press, 1976 > > 42. Le Temple de L'Homme (The Temple in Man), R. A. > Schwaller deLubiz, Tome 1, Vol. 1, Apet Du Sud a > Lougsor, Caracteres 3, rue Haute Feuille, Paris 6, > 1957 ( 1977 condensed translation available from Inner > Traditions International, New York) > > 43. Symbol and the Symbolic: Ancient Egypt Science and > the Evolution of Consciousness, R. A. Schwaller > deLubicz, Inner Traditions International, New York, > 1978 (Condensed translation of original volume > published in France in 1949 entitled Symbol et > Symbolique). > > 44. "The Shabaka Text (Memphite Theology)", Chapter > VIII in Stolen Legacy by George G. M. James (#3 of > bibliography). See Also The Dawn of Conscience, James > H Breasted, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1933, > pages 29-42; and Ancient Egyptian Literature, Miriam > Lichtheim, Vol. 1, University of California Press, > Berkeley, 1973, pages 51-57 > > The Shabaka Text, known in European Egyptological > circles as the Memphite Theology, is one of several > ancient Kemetic texts that deal with the creation of > the universe. George G. M. James contents that it can > very well be a scientific thesis that explains the > cosmology and physics at the first moment of creation > and at incremental times thereafter. In light of > insights being revealed by research in quantum > mechanics and nonlinear sciences, The Shabaka Text and > other ancient Kemetic creation text needs to be given > renewed attention for their scientific detail. > > 45. The Afrocentric Idea, Molefi Kete Asante, Temple > University Press, Philadelphia, 1987 > > Dr. Asante brilliantly asserts the need for an > Afrocentric paradigm that accurately articulates the > experiences and life-ways of people of African > descent. Furthermore, he maintains that this paradigm > can only be developed by African scholars. He exposes > the inadequacies of logic based Western scientific > discoveries in their attempt to understand African > cultural data. A must-read for those interested in a > more intelligent context in which to understand > African cultural dynamics. > > 46. Toward A Science of Consciousness, Kenneth R > Pelletier, Celestial Arts, Berkeley, CA, 1985 > > 47. Turbulent Mirror, John Briggs & F. David Peat, > Harper & Row, New York, 1989 > > This text is the best published thus far that uses > easily understandable metaphors to explain the "new" > science of complexity, chaos and non- linearity. It > offers some insights into how ancient African priest- > scientist understood the universe as one and all > phenomena within it as being inter-related. It also > corroborates the ancient understanding that reality is > infinite. > > 48. "African Consciousness and the Liberation > Struggle: Implications for the Development and > Construction of Scientific Paradigms", Wade Nobles, > privately published paper, Oakland, CA, 1978 > > A very bold and courageous paper that attempts to > articulate an African perspective on scientific > inquiry. It offers an African-centered definition for > science and formulates a scientific paradigm that is > founded on the collective African experience. > > 49. Black Pioneers of Science & Invention, Louis > Haber, Harcourts, Brace, & World, Inc., New York, 1970 > > > This is another good publication that documents the > creative genius and inventiveness of early > African-American scientists and engineers. (See > reference #12 for other sources on this subject) > > 50. "The Scar on the African's Arm", Hippocrates > (magazine), March/ April 1989 issue > > This article provides insights on the African origins > of the immunization process for smallpox. Most western > sources wrongly credits a Dr. Mather for the process > but an African by the name of Onesimus revealed the > secret of the process to him. > > 51. "From Celestial Flow to Terrestrial Flow: Ancient > Hydraulic Developments in the Nile Valley", Kamau > Beyete A. Sadiki, paper delivered at the Third Annual > Conference of the Association for the Study of > Classical African Civilizations, City College of New > York, Harlem, NY, March, 1986 > > This paper details the origin and evolution of > hydraulics system in the Nile Valley. It also shows > how these hydraulic systems were developed in harmony > with the annual inundation of the Nile and how the > scientific thinking of ancient African scientists > dealt with both physical and transphysical phenomena, > synthesizing intuitive and analytical processes, > simultaneously. > > 52. "The Peopling of Ancient Egypt", Chiekh Anta Diop, > published paper in The General History of Africa: > Ancient Civilizations, Vol. II, edit by K. Moktar, > United Nation's Educational, Scientific and Cultural > Organization (UNESCO), Paris, France, 1976. > > This paper by Dr. Chiekh Anta Diop, author of The > African Origins of Civilization, was delivered at the > Cairo Symposium in Cairo, Egypt in 1974. Dr. Diop > provided extensive linguistic, anthropological, and > other scientific data that demonstrated the ethnic > origins of the so- called ancient Egyptian people was > from the south. His research along with that of Dr. > Theophile Obenga was so thorough that the other > scholars in attendance was not able to provide an > adequate response to their thesis. This paper is one > of the definitive, if not the most definitive, work on > the question of the origins of the so-called ancient > Egyptians. > > 53. The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of > Complexity, Heinz Pagels, Simon & Schuster, New York, > 1988 > > An excellent layperson's resource on the recent > emergence of the science of complexity and chaos. Well > written by a respected physicist who uses good prose > and metaphor to explain complexity and it's > implication on how we view the universe. > > 54. Black Athena, Martin Bernal, Rutgers University > Press, Rutgers, New Jersey, 1988 > > This text is a very scholarly attempt to continue the > in-depth study of the thesis proposed by George G. M. > James, Yosef ben-Jochannan and others. Bernal argues > for an overthrow of the old historical paradigms he > calls the "Ancient Model" and "Aryan Model" and > replace them with his "Revised Ancient Model". The > Revised Ancient Model discredits the Aryan Model as > pure fabrication motivated by racism during the 17th > through 19th centuries and proposes a new paradigm for > historiography that show the tremendous "afroasiatic" > influences on civilization. > > 55. Fascinating Fibonaccis: Mystery of Magic in > Numbers, Trudi H. Garland, Dale Seymour Publications, > 1987 > > This is an excellent reference for a lesson plan on > the natural functions of mathematics. It gives a good > overview of the so-called Fibonacci numbers. Most > importantly, It documents the fact that ancient > African mathematicians was cognizant of the > transcendental function, know by the Greek letter phi, > which equals 1.618.... It was called the golden ratio > in Europe during its emergence from the Dark Ages. > > 56. American Black Scientists and Inventors, ed. by > Edward Jenkins, National Science Teachers Association, > Washington, D. C., 1975 > > 57. At Last Recognition: A Reference Handbook of > Unknown Black Inventors and Their Contributions to > America, James C. Wiliiams, B. C. A. Publishing > Company, Chicago, IL, 1978 > > 58. Banneker, The Afro-American Astronomer, ed. by > Will W. Allen, Books for Libraries, Freeport, NY, 1969 > > > 59. Benjamin Banneker: Genius of Early America, Lillie > Patterson, Abingdon, Nashville, TN, 1978 > > 60. Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest > Everett Just, Kenneth R. Manning, Oxford Press, New > York, 1983 > > 61. Black Giants in Science, Paul J. Driver, VAntage > Books, New York, 1973 > > 62. Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist, > Hattie Carwell, Exposition Books, Hicksville, NY, 1987 > > > 63. Black Mathematicians and Their Work, Virginia > Newell, Dorrance and Company, Ardmore, PA, 1980 > > 64. Dr. George Washington Carver, Scientist, Shirley > Graham & George D. Lipscomb, WAshington Square Press, > New York > > 65. George Washington Carver: The Story of A Great > American, Ann Terry White, E. M. Hale, Eau Claire, WI, > 1953 > > 66. Life of Benjamin Banneker, Silvio A. Bendini, > Little Brown Books, New York, 1954 > > 67. Many Shades of Black, Stanton L. Wormley, and > Lewis H. Fenderson, ed., Morrow Publishing Co., New > York, 1969 > > 68. The Negro In Science, Julius Taylor, ed., Morgan > College Press, Baltimore, MD, 1955 > > 69. "The Negro Benjamin Banneker, Astronomer and > Mathematician, Plea for Universal Peace", by Phillip > LePhillips, Records of the Columbian Historical > Society, Vol. 20, Columbia, MD, pg 114-120 > > 70. Negros Who Helped Build America, Madeline > Stratton, Ginn & Co., Lexington, MA, 1965 > > 71. Pocketful of Goobers: A Story About George > Washington Carver, Barbara Mitchell, Carolrhoda Press, > Minneapolis, MN, 1968 > > 72. Shortchanged by History: America's Neglected > Innovators, by Vernon Pizer, Putnam Books, New York, > 1978 > > 73. The Story of George Washington Carver, Arna > Sontemps, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, 1954 > > 74. They Showed the Way, Charlemae Rollins, Crowell > Press, New York, 1964. > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Kamau Beyete A. Sadiki is a Hydropower Engineer, a > Science & Mathematics Education Consultant, > Co-Founder, Sirius Study Group, Western Region, ASCAC > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > _________________________________________________________________ > > > > > いいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいい To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the Gambia-L Web interface at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: [log in to unmask] いいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいいい