>From: Oko Drammeh <[log in to unmask]> >Reply-To: The Gambia and related-issues mailing list              <[log in to unmask]> >To: [log in to unmask] >Subject: Re: *** Re: More  Gambia On Swedish TV - January 14/ Tourism              /Nyar Propaganda. >Date: Thu, 15 Jan 2004 14:45:36 +0100 > >Bro >thank you so much for your endless and undying efforts to bring in >the >non-Gambian dimension in the forum. I always enjoy your posting. >Good >stuff, Info from All over Africa,much respect. >Like the elders would say "We are first African before Gambians." >Thanks to the independance and sovereignty recovered by most of the >African people, the struggle for the historical progress of our >people >will be subject to the cultural progress and cultural power that >they >will exercise effectively and fully in all spheres of their >exsistence. >TV programmes will not crack us. Africa is awake and marching >forward . >The struggle contuinues !!! >Oko > >Brother Oko >uga479 wrote: > >>Brother Oko, >> >>Your analysis is very correct - it is not only Gambia! >> >>These people are very good at manipulating our socio-economic >>situations. >>While these old women sexually manipulate our young boys, they >>think they >>are smatter, the young boys are not stupid - take it from me. Later >>on when >>their catch fails, they again make another film to show how poor >>Africans >>are using them to get permit to say in their country and/or for >>money! >> >>For those of you who saw this sex slave film - there was something >>else they >>(may) have wanted to potray - I wonder if Gambia is a moslem >>country? >> >>The film that went first in STV 2 was more political, and boy!!- I >>leave it >>to others to say something about it. >> >>Best regards, >> >>Nyar'Onyango >> >>************* >>They over do it and most white women who experienced these episodes >>are >>not sexy for the fashionable European scene >>They are so low and too happy to go on TV. They set off to Africa >>to make >>these films and count >>on selling it for sums of money over and over again to TV stations >> >>The destruction of the African civilation is still on going. >> >> >>>Just coming back from the Gambia!!! . >>>Oko Drammeh >>> >>> >> >>****** >> >>----- Original Message ----- >>From: "Oko Drammeh" <[log in to unmask]> >>To: <[log in to unmask]> >>Sent: Wednesday, January 14, 2004 10:43 PM >>Subject: Re: More Gambia On Swedish TV - January 14/ Tourism >>Propaganda. >> >> >> >> >>>I do not see this programme but I have seen many and they all >>>almost >>>look alike with the same fomula and construction. >>>Many Gambians are not involved in the sex tourism. It is still in >>>the >>>hands of thoes who have nothing to lose and not too educated and >>>poverty >>>sicken and uninformed young urban dwellers. The tradition of >>>Gambians is >>>do not follow tubabs. I was raised like this and many Gambians >>>more. I >>>am saying it now that most Gambian passport holders in the tourist >>>industry area are non-Gambian. The sex trade is minor compared to >>> >>> >>Amsterdam >> >> >>>They over do it and most white women who experienced these >>>episodes are >>>not sexy for the fashionable European scene.They are so low and >>>too >>>happy to go on TV. They set off to Africa to make these films and >>>count >>>on selling it for sums of money over and over again to TV >>>stations. >>> >>>The job has been done by the colonialism that white is god. So the >>>less >>>informed Africans still adores Europeans. But most tourists are >>>poor. >>>Most of them are government sponsored tourists like many Dutch >>>tourists.They are entitled to 28 days holiday and a free 800 Euros >>>if >>>you don't have a job. They even could'nt pay for the christmas and >>>new >>>year;s dinner. Yet still they have the most geogous African girls >>>on >>>their arms sometimes two. I am not saying that there is no wild >>>sex >>>hunting in the Gambia but the Gambia is not a sex capital. >>> >>>The tourists industry is luring tourists into these tropics >>>,especially >>>to new destinations like the Gambia. They used to say the same for >>>Brazil.. They will come with aids and all kinds of medical >>>recommendations and few dollar notes and foreign currencies. They >>>will >>>spend this in a week. This is more that what a Gambian makes a >>>month. >>>But on long term the Gambian is better off,because the have their >>>culture, the sun, the home, the family, The Europeans don't have >>>it like >>>this. >>> >>>The tourist go back to the social service and low income factory >>>in a >>>single house a garden and a car which only you and me in the west >>>know >>>the the poor village girl is hoping for a trip to hell, only >>>hoping that >>>at the end of the world the Europeans will survive it and will >>>help us. >>> >>>There is a lot odf media disadvantages Gambia is facing because of >>>the >>>size of the media community and access to tglobal television >>>network >>>but  we will not fall victim to this tourism PROPAGANDA to attract >>>tourists to the Gambia. >>> >>>The Gambia is still clean of these cheap peti hand camera tv >>>programmes >>>cannot cast a dirty future on our dear nation. >>>Please watch the programme with critical EYES and respond to the >>>network >>>positively so that they will be careful in future. >>>The destruction of the African civilation is still on going. >>>Just coming back from the Gambia!!! . >>>Oko Drammeh >>> >>> >>>Momodou S Sidibeh wrote: >>> >>> >>> >>>>Brothers Kabir, Joe, Tomaa and all, >>>> >>>>First of all there are two films on Gambia to be shown today. One >>>>is the >>>>documentary about Gambian television about which Kabir gave an >>>>excellent >>>>synopsis. The other one, a much more critical presentation of the >>>> >>>> >>negative >> >> >>>>impact of tourism will be broadcast on TV3 at 22.00 Hrs. labelled >>>> >>>> >>'Sextrade >> >> >>>>or Love in Gambia'.  A european woman interviewed in this >>>>documentary >>>> >>>> >>claims >> >> >>>>that " a black man is always the white woman's slave. Any day he >>>>no >>>> >>>> >>longer >> >> >>>>proves suitable, he will simply be traded for another one'. You >>>>can >>>> >>>> >>pretty >> >> >>>>well guess the general run of such a programme. It's about the >>>>views of >>>>white (often British and Swedish) women about their relations >>>>with young >>>>Gambian men with whom they often initiate casual sexual >>>>relationships - a >>>> >>>> >>la >> >> >>>>Thailand - or sometimes longer serious relations. The films focus >>>>and >>>> >>>> >>that >> >> >>>>of the producers potrays Gambia as a haven for sex tourism. They >>>>opine >>>> >>>> >>that >> >> >>>>Gambia is perhaps sex paradise for white western women just as >>>>Thailand >>>> >>>> >>is >> >> >>>>for white western men. >>>> >>>>http://www.reportage.tv3.se/ >>>> >>>>You will have to forgive the rest of us in Sweden for the late >>>>info on >>>> >>>> >>this >> >> >>>>last one from our end. >>>> >>>>Every winter or early autumn, our homeland attracts some degree >>>>of >>>> >>>> >>reportage >> >> >>>>from the Swedish media as a result of the dawning tourist season. >>>>Much of >>> >>> >>it >> >> >>>>is commercially twisted version of travel guides yet often it is >>>>good >>>>advertisement for the country. I remember when some six years >>>>ago, >>>>Expressen, one of Sweden's largest tabloids, claimed that Gambia >>>>is >>>> >>>> >>second >> >> >>>>to only South Africa in maintaining an effective >>>>telecommunications >>>> >>>> >>network. >> >> >>>>It is time again for another round on Gambia.... >>>>more to follow as commentary later hopefully from others... >>>> >>>>Sidibeh >>>> >>>> >>>>----- Original Message ----- >>>>From: "Joe Sambou" <[log in to unmask]> >>>>To: <[log in to unmask]> >>>>Sent: Wednesday, January 14, 2004 4:54 PM >>>>Subject: Re: Gambia On Swedish TV - January 14. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>Bro Kabir, thanks very much for your translation of the article. >>>>>  I hope >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>the >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>skid to be aired will project the Gambia that Gambians live >>>>>under and >>>>> >>>>> >>not >> >> >>>>>another propagander for the APRC.  Keep up the good work. >>>>> >>>>>Chi Jaama >>>>> >>>>>Joe Sambou >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>>From: Amadu Kabir Njie <[log in to unmask]> >>>>>>Reply-To: The Gambia and related-issues mailing list >>>>>><[log in to unmask]> >>>>>>To: [log in to unmask] >>>>>>Subject: Re: Gambia On Swedish TV - January 14. >>>>>>Date: Wed, 14 Jan 2004 01:23:25 +0100 >>>>>> >>>>>>Brother Joe, >>>>>> >>>>>>Here's a synopsis: >>>>>> >>>>>>Standby at the President's >>>>>> >>>>>>http://svt.se/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=10652&a=157657 >>>>>> >>>>>>Gambia TV, GRTS is just a few years old, short on equipment and >>>>>> >>>>>> >>personnel >> >> >>>>>>but manages to air programs on schedule. >>>>>> >>>>>>Bunja Touray, an ambitious news reporter whose assignments >>>>>>consist >>>>>> >>>>>> >>mainly >> >> >>>>>>of >>>>>>covering visits to the State House and other official >>>>>>functions, is >>>>>>assigned >>>>>>one day to cover an opposition campaign tour during the >>>>>>presidential >>>>>>election. >>>>>> >>>>>>Amid high tension, sometimes clashes erupted between the >>>>>>supporters of >>>>>>different candidates as the opposition coalition that had been >>>>>>built >>>>>> >>>>>> >>was >> >> >>>>>>being deemed strong enough to unseat the president, and how >>>>>>suddenly >>>>>>Bunja's >>>>>>journalistic work gathers momentum. >>>>>> >>>>>>* How GRTS came into being through Jammeh's initiative despite >>>>>>protest >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>from >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>the IMF and economic advisers from the West. >>>>>> >>>>>>*Quoting Jammeh on reasons for insisting on establishing GRTS: >>>>>>'One can >>>>>>deny >>>>>>what one hears, but one cannot deny what one sees'. (Makes me >>>>>>wonder!) >>>>>> >>>>>>* He envisioned GRTS to cover his agenda and report on every >>>>>>initiative >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>he >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>took, and at the little station, the journalists are striving >>>>>>under the >>>>>>existing premises. >>>>>> >>>>>>The rest is about the 'bloodless' coup by the former >>>>>>president's >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>erstwhile >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>bodyguard who was determined to stamp out corruption and how he >>>>>>was >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>elected >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>president after his interim govt. >>>>>> >>>>>>It ends with the rhetorical question of whether the TV can >>>>>>influence >>>>>> >>>>>> >>the >> >> >>>>>>outcome of a re-election bid under dire economic straits and >>>>>>when >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>progress >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>is lacklustre. >>>>>> >>>>>>(Joe, judging from the above, I don't think the program will >>>>>>pose those >>>>>>critical questions that many concerned Gambians are asking >>>>>>daily, >>>>>> >>>>>> >>though >> >> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>I >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>may be jumping the gun here. May be brother Sidibeh can help >>>>>>put his >>>>>>incisive mind behind a short review after the program?) >>>>>> >>>>>>NB!: The female, in the background, Jankeh Phatty, is a news >>>>>>reader at >>>>>>GRTS. >>>>>>The following link gives short biographies of Jankeh, Bunja and >>>>>>of >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>course, >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>President Yahya A. J. J Jammeh and his 'pet projects': >>>>>>http://svt.se/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=10652&a=157666 >>>>>> >>>>>>Regards, >>>>>> >>>>>>Kabir. >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>"Joe Sambou" <[log in to unmask]> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>Kabir, is there an english translation to your forward?  I am >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>interested >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>to >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>know the message being porttrayed with that picture of Yaya >>>>>>>and a male >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>and >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>female in the background.  Thanks for your help. >>>>>>> >>>>>>>Chi Jaama >>>>>>> >>>>>>>Joe Sambou >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>>From: Amadu Kabir Njie <[log in to unmask]> >>>>>>>>Reply-To: The Gambia and related-issues mailing list >>>>>>>><[log in to unmask]> >>>>>>>>To: [log in to unmask] >>>>>>>>Subject: Re: Gambia On Swedish TV - January 14. >>>>>>>>Date: Wed, 14 Jan 2004 00:03:30 +0100 >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>Hi Sidibeh! >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>I got some calls from people who'd seen your mail below and >>>>>>>>wondered >>>>>>>>exactly >>>>>>>>at what time it's due to be aired and whether on STV1 or >>>>>>>>STV2. I dug >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>up >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>>>some >>>>>>>>background info and thought to share: >>>>>>>>http://svt.se/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=10652&a=157657 >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>Thanks for the tip! >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>Regards, >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>Kabir >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>----- Original Message ----- >>>>>>>>From: "Momodou S Sidibeh" <[log in to unmask]> >>>>>>>>To: <[log in to unmask]> >>>>>>>>Sent: Friday, January 02, 2004 9:41 AM >>>>>>>>Subject: Gambia On Swedish TV - January 14. >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>G-Lers, >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>Unless Swedish TV drastically alters its programming, it has >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>scheduled >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>>to >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>>show a film on Gambia (actually about Gambian Television) by >>>>>>>>Birgitta >>>>>>>>Svensson on January 14th. It is a really interesting piece >>>>>>>>with great >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>cuts >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>>from the 2001 campaign trail. Hear Y.J.J and Yanks bribing >>>>>>>>Gunjurians >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>that >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>>if they wish to own the world's biggest cold storage facility >>>>>>>>they >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>would >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>>have to outdo Kartong in voting APRC! >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>New Year Greetings from Stockholm, >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>Momodou S Sidibeh >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>>>>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >>>>>>>>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=mbia-l >>>>>>>>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >>>>>>>>[log in to unmask] >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to >>>>>>>>the >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>Gambia-L >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>>Web interface >>>>>>>>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>>>>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >>>>>>>>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l >>>>>>>>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >>>>>>>>[log in to unmask] >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to >>>>>>>>the >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>Gambia-L >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>>Web interface >>>>>>>>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>_________________________________________________________________ >>>>>>>Find out everything you need to know about Las Vegas here for >>>>>>>that >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>getaway. >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>http://special.msn.com/msnbc/vivalasvegas.armx >>>>>>> >>>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>>>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >>>>>>>[log in to unmask] >>>>>>> >>>>>>>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to >>>>>>>the >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>Gambia-L >>>>>>Web interface >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html >>>>>>> >>>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >>>>>>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l >>>>>>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >>>>>>[log in to unmask] >>>>>> >>>>>>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to >>>>>>the >>>>>> >>>>>> >>Gambia-L >> >> >>>>>>Web interface >>>>>>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html >>>>>> >>>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>_________________________________________________________________ >>>>>Let the new MSN Premium Internet Software make the most of your >>>>> >>>>> >>high-speed >> >> >>>>>experience. >>>>>http://join.msn.com/?pgmarket=en-us&page=byoa/prem&ST=1 >>>>> >>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >>>>>[log in to unmask] >>>>> >>>>>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the >>>>> >>>>> >>Gambia-L >> >> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>Web interface >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html >>>>> >>>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >>>> >>>> >>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l >> >> >>>>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >>>>[log in to unmask] >>>> >>>>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the >>>>Gambia-L >>>> >>>> >>Web interface >> >> >>>>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html >>>> >>>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >>> >>> >>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l >> >> >>>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >>>[log in to unmask] >>> >>>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the >>>Gambia-L >>> >>> >>Web interface >> >> >>>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html >>> >>>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>> >>> >>> >> >>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l >>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >>[log in to unmask] >> >>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the >>Gambia-L Web interface >>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html >> >>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >> >> >> >> > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: >http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l >To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: >[log in to unmask] > >To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the >Gambia-L Web interface >at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~