The reason why tyrants and dictators are encouraged on our continent.
Long but definitely a "must read" for all of us. A very revealing and
educational piece.
Please take time to also go over the bibliography for additional informative
resources.
Jabou Joh
ZNet | Activism
Mining in the Ituri Province of the Congo
A Contemporary Profile
by David Barouski; May 14, 2007
Most people who became aware of the 2nd Congo War (1998-2003) did so because
of the violence unleased in the (then) Ituri District, which was created in
June of 1999 by General James Kazini of the Ugandan People’s Defense Force
(UPDF). After the Lusaka Accords were signed and the UPDF officially pulled
out of the country, the neighboring countries of Uganda and Rwanda aggravated
and exploited ethnic differences to create numerous militias that went to war
over the vast gold tracts in Ituri. The illegal sale of this gold in
neighboring countries served to fund the war by purchasing arms, military uniforms,
and other supplies. Incomprehensable acts of violence and rape occurred, and
child soldiers were the norm. Today, with the aid of U.N. forces, Ituri
has found a relative peace.
Ituri is unique compared to the Kivu provinces to the south because
throughout the 1st Congo War (1996-1997) to the present day, war over minerals has
always been about gold and timber. The rest of Northeastern Congo went through
several distict phases where one particular commodity was more sought after
than another. When the 2nd Congo War broke out, diamonds were the most
coveted mineral until mid-2000. In 2000, the coltan (columbium-tantalite) boom
occurred due to increased military-industrial spending, and the arrival of
popular electronics equipment (the cell phone boom, Sony Playstation, etc.),
which drastically increased market demand for coltan. What started off in 1999
as a $20 (U.S.) per pound commodity rose to $380 (U.S.) per pound by December
of 2000. With 80% of the world’s coltan reserves, fierce fighting for the
mining sites claimed countless victims.1 The world market reserves quickly
became so saturated with smuggled coltan that the price plummeted back down by
the end of 2001. The smugglers in the Kivus then focused on the highest grade
ores that were found primarily in Walikale Territory.
After the signing of the Sun City Final Act that officially ended the 2nd
Congo War in 2003, world demand for tin rose sharply due to new environmental
laws in the European Union (E.U.) and Japan. Cassiterite, a mineral that is
smeltered into tin oxide, became the most desirable commodity in the Congo
along with Niobium, a chemically-unique form of columbium used in heat-resistant
alloys that are utilized in a variety of applications. The Lueshe mine in
Congo holds the only large reservoir of niobium in the world. To this day,
niobium and cassiterite remain the most coveted mineral to smuggle in the Kivus
for the remaining dissidents, particularly by Rwandan-backed General
Nkundabatware and his men in North Kivu Province.
Throughout the wars and for years before that, multinational corporations
sought to exploit the same gold mining areas in Ituri that the militias did.
The mines are primarily concentrated around the towns of Mongbwalu, Watsa,
Durba, Kilo, and Moto in very remote areas. Today, with some likeness of peace,
the fight for control of the concessions will begin anew. The Deputy
Minister of Mines, Victor Kasongo, has begun a review of the mining contracts for
the newly elected Congolese Government and he said 50% of the contracts may be
voided.2 All official negotiations for mining rights have ended until all
the contracts have been reviewed. This could prove to be troublesome for both
the Congolese Government and the mining companies.
The mining concession that includes the Watsa/Durba area (OKIMO Concession
#38) was obtained by the Canadian gold-mining firm Barrick Gold from the Office
of Kilo-Moto (OKIMO) on 3rd August, 1996 before the fall of President Joseph
Mobutu Sese Seko. OKIMO, the state-owned gold mining company, became a
joint partner in Barrick’s project. Barrick initially became interested in the
concession after the U.S.-based consulting firm Davy McKee Corporation
completed a feasibility study of the area in 1991. Between October and December of
1996, while the war was raging in the area southwest of the concession,
Barrick completed several of their own exploratory drills, but the results were
less promising than the reports OKIMO gave the company. In 1996, Barrick also
made a side deal with General Kpama Baramoto, head of President Mobutu’s
Guarde Civile. General Baramoto allowed Barrick to mine gold around his base in
Bunia in exchange for funds to rebuild Bunia’s airport.3
Barrick restructured their mining contract after the Alliance of Democratic
Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL-CZ) headed by Laurent Kabila
took power in 1997, but they retained the mining rights to Concession #38.
They reportedly began these negotiations before L. Kabila reached the capital
city of Kinshasa.4 Barrick was allowed to keep the contract President Mobutu
Sese Seko signed after Laurent Kabila took power because L. Kabila’s Finance
Minister Mawampanga Mwana Nanga (who later became Minister of Agriculture)
insisted he honor “good faith” contracts between President Mobutu and certain
foreign mining firms. This was an unusual move because Minister Nanga was
known to be a staunch critic of foreign mining firms. He had already canceled
the mining contracts of Belgium’s Union Minère (now Umicore) and
DeBeers/Anglo-American despite strong protests from Nelson Mandela. However, Minister
Nanga apparently had a soft spot for American-connected firms, perhaps because
he graduated from Pennsylvania State University and taught at Kentucky
University.5
Minister Nanga urged AFDL-CZ’s Mining Minister Kambale Kabila Mututulo to
sign off a one billion dollar (U.S.) deal to Jean-Raymond Boulle’s Hope,
Arkansas-based (at the time) American Mineral Fields Incorporated (AMF) (now
Adastra), one of Barrick’s business partners. The deal was for two huge mining
concessions in Kipushi and Kolwezi, located in the Katanga Province (then Shaba
Province). Mr. Boulle desperately needed access to the minerals because he
was bidding to acquire the contract to build a new space station to replace
Mir, a $60 billion dollar (U.S.) endeavor. His acquisition of the Mir contract
is remarkable when considering AMF was only incorporated in 1995.6
A major competitor of Anglo-American with several former
Anglo-American/DeBeers directors on its executive team, AMF already had the deal lined up in
April 1997 after Mr. Boulle (a Briton born in Mauritius) visited L. Kabila in
Goma after the AFDL-CZ/RPA captured Lubumbashi (Katanga Province) and put
Katangan Governor Kyungu ku Mwanza under house arrest.7 Mr. Boulle reportedly
fronted $50 million dollars (U.S.) to L. Kabila for the deal and he likely used
some of it to buy arms and equipment.8 However, AMF did eventually partner
with Anglo-American.
American Diamond Buyers, another company owned by Mr. Boulle and Joseph
Martin (and a competitor of DeBeers), reportedly paid L. Kabila $25,000 (U.S.) to
buy a diamond mining license from the AFDL-CZ.9 When the company opened for
business in Kisangani before the 1st Congo War was even over (but after the
ADFL-CZ controlled the town), Zairians literally broke the door down to sell
their diamonds. Several people could even be seen around town wearing
tee-shirts given out for free by the company.10
Mr. Boulle (a former Anglo-American executive who also acted as an advisor
to Guinea’s Mining Minister) also allowed L. Kabila and Minister Nanga to use
his personal corporate Lear jet for transportation around the country. In
return, besides the mining contracts, L. Kabila allowed Mr. Boulle to set up a
trading post in Mbuji-Mayi immediately after the AFDL-CZ captured the city
during the same month Lubumbashi fell. He also greatly reduced the price of AMF
’s annual mining license fees.11 Mr. Boulle and two other connections to
AMF at the time, Chairman Michael McMurrough and business associate Jackson
Stephens, were reported to be friends of Bill Clinton since his days as Arkansas’
governor.12
One week before the AFDL-CZ took Kinshasa, AMF chartered a group of
investors to meet L. Kabila. Mr. Boulle hoped to attract investors for his new
mining projects. Representatives from CIBC Wood Gundy, Bunting Warburg (a branch
of London's SBC Warburg), First Bank of Boston, Citibank, Deutsche Morgan
Grenfell, and Goldman Sachs attended along with several reporters, Robert
Briscotti (investment banker), Robin Sanders (Director of African Affairs for the
NSC), and Cynthia McKinney (former U.S. Congresswoman for the State of
Georgia).13 The meeting went over well. Washington D.C. based New Millenium
Investment Limited signed a joint venture deal with the AFDL-CZ to run Goma’s
Development Bank. Bethesda, Maryland-based Comsat signed on to sell satellite
phones in Goma.14
Almost immediately after AMF got its mingin contract with the AFDL-CZ,
DeBeers sent the head of its Kinshasa branch (Nicholas Davenport) and an
Anglo-American director to meet with L. Kabila and Minister Mawampanga in Goma to
plead for a contract. Under the Mobutu regime, DeBeers held a 4% stake in MIBA
while its Central Selling Organization had rights to the entire Zairian state
production. DeBeers also had five comptoirs in Zaire that bought from
artisian miners.15
DeBeers was also deeply entrenched in Zaire through Anglo-American
Corporation (which is nearly 50% owned by DeBeers), one of its business partners. The
Canadian company Banro Corporation merged with Belgium-based Mines D'or Du
Zaire (MDDZ) in September 1996 shortly before President Mobutu left Zaire in
exile. A ~13% shareholder in Banro was U.K.-based Cluff Mining. The majority
shareholder in Cluff Mining was Anglo-American.16 Through the MDDZ merger,
Banro was able to obtain a 93% interest in SAKIMA.17 Today, Banro is
actively mining gold in Twangiza, Kamituga, Lugushwa, and Namoya in South Kivu.
Another company who wanted in on the action was First Quantum Minerals.
Their Bwana Mkubwa branch fronted money to Laurent Kabila when he was with the
AFDL-CZ and had not yet reached Kinshasa. They received mining authorizations
in return.18
First Quantum recently tried to buy out Adastra (formerly AMF) and still
holds lucrative concessions in the Congo. On their Board of Directors sits
Chairman Phillip Pascall (Rio Tinto), Rupert Pennant-Rea (Chairman of Henderson
Group plc; Director of British American Tobacco plc, Sherrit International
Corporation, Gold Fields Limited, and Rio Narcea; former editor for The
Economist and the former Deputy Governor of the Bank of England), and Andrew Adams
(AngloGold).
Barrick created a joint-venture with Anglo-American in March 1998 to explore
OKIMO Concession #38 in preparation for active mining. In 1998,
Anglo-American created its AngloGold Limited subsidiary and in May 1998, the firm
purchased nearly half of Barrick’s stakes in the Congo.19 Exploration occurred
from February to August 1998 but their staff was forced to flee in August due to
the outbreak of the 2nd Congo War. AngloGold Limited assumed operational
control of Concession # 38 on 5 August, 1998, but they were never able to
actively mine the concession because of the war. OKIMO repossessed the land after
they fled.20 After OKIMO reclaimed the concession, Barrick made a side deal
with RCD Mining Minister Alex Thambwe in 1999 for the rights to mine the
land, but Barrick was unable to mine on the land because of the ongoing war on
the mining concessions in Ituri.21
After the 2nd Congo War began, the UPDF and the Rally for Congolese
Democracy-Liberation Movement (RCD-ML) occupied Watsa until they withdrew as a
provision of the Lusaka Accords in 1999. Militias in Ituri multiplied drastically
in 2000 to seize control of the power void left behind when the UPDF
withdrew. Barrick Gold sub-contracted its concession to Uganda’s Caleb
International, owned by General Salim Saleh, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni’s
half-brother.22 It appears the intent was to hold and protect the concession for
Barrick until the fighting stopped. Meanwhile, the Hema Union for Congolese
Patriots (UPC), RCD-ML, Jean-Pierre Bemba’s Movement for the Liberation of Congo
(MLC), the Lendu Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI), People’s Armed
Forces of Congo (FAPC), and various other factions fought over Watsa and Durba
until most of them either disarmed or were driven out by MONUC/FARDC
offensives last year. The MLC moved into the area until mid-2006, when MONUC gained
full control over Watsa.23
Barrick’s business practices have not gone completely unnoticed. In
December 2002, Barrick Gold was sued in an anti-trust case for literally
manipulating the price of gold on the world market. Banking giant J.P. Morgan (prior to
their merger with Chase Manhattan) was an investor in a company called Argo
Partnership, who became a significant shareholder in TrizecHahn. Barrick
bought TrizecHahn , making J.P. Morgan a shareholder in Barrick Gold by virtue
of the buyout. J.P. Morgan reportedly loaned Barrick gold reserves from a
central bank to short-sell on the market, increasing the supply and driving the
price down. The money from the gold sales was invested in money market
instruments at J.P. Morgan for a higher return than the gold borrowing rate, thus
creating a profit. The short sales were considered off-sheet assets, so the
purchase of gold off the market was not reflected as a loss in their balance
sheet.24
Barrick would then mine the gold needed to replace the borrowed stores at
the central bank, but a clause in the J.P. Morgan gold lending deal gave Barrick
an infinite number of years to pay back the central bank. This meant
Barrick could buy up the gold supplies to drive the price up, or they could dump
their borrowed stores and drop the price generating a profit for both Barrick
and J.P. Morgan. Recall that during 1998, as Barrick was evicted from the
Congo, the price of gold was falling considerably. It has been rising steadily
since 2001. (Ibid)
Currently, Barrick has terminated all non-project hedge contracts. They
have allotted $23 million dollars (U.S.) for exploratory efforts in Africa for
the 2007 fiscal year. Another $26 million dollars (U.S.) is delegated to
explore the Sedibelo PFM deposit on the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. They
completed a feasibility study on the Buzwagi gold project in Tanzania, where
Barrick is also opening a joint venture project with Xstrata Nickel in
Kabanga. Barrick is also eager to develop their Reko Diq joint venture in the
Baluchistan Province of Pakistan.25 They are also selling all their shares in
NovaGold.
The Baluchistan Province is the largest province in Pakistan. It borders
the Helmand Province of Afganistan, an opium crop district and Taliban (meaning
“students” in Arabic) stronghold. The Baluchistan Province has been used
as a rear base for training and staging their armed forces. The Taliban are
a Nationalist Sunni faction comprised of Pashtuns, who form a very sizable
population in Baluchistan Province. The area is awash in locally ruled
fiefdoms by tribal chiefs and mullahs (Islamic clergymen). In Pakistan, they are
usually from the Wahhabi or Salafi sect.
The individuals behind Barrick Gold are so well-connected they are worth
noting in detail:
Howard Beck: Corporate Director of Barrick Gold. Formerly involved with
BAE, and Citibank Canada. BAE bought out United Defense Industries (a company
formerly owned by The Carlyle Group) in 2005. Just recently, BAE was the
subject of a corruption probe in Great Britain, but Prime Minister Tony Blair and
Attorney General Lord Peter Goldsmith ordered the investigation suspended.
Some British officials believe the firm lobbied Lord Goldsmith to drop the
investigation.26 BAE is a 20% owner of Airbus.27
Gustavos Cisneros: Board Member and International Advisory Board Member of
Barrick Gold. He is the Chief Executive Officer of Cisneros Group, which
includes television and radio networks, broadcasting and telecommunications
operations, programming and production companies for television and radio,
supermarkets, beverage production, fast food outlets, video franchises, and music
production. He essentially owns the Latin-American media market.
Mr. Cisneros is Venuzeuelan and a stauch opponent of Venezuela’s current
Populist President Hugo Chavez. Mr Cisneros is a founding (and current) member
of the International Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations and a
former Director of the International Advisory Committee of Chase Manhattan
Bank. He is director of the Chairman's Council of the Americas Society and a
member of the International Advisory Council of the United States Information
Agency, the Board of Overseers of the International Center for Economic
Growth, the International Advisory Board of Power Corporation of Canada, the
International Advisory Board of Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, the
International Advisory Board of AEA Investors Incorporated, and is a board member of
Panamerican Beverages Incorporated (a Coca-Cola bottling company).
In addition, he is a Trustee of Rockefeller University in New York and sits
on the Board of Georgetown University. He also sits on the International
Advisory Board of Columbia University, the Advisory Committee for the David
Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University, and the
Rockefeller University Fund. Mr. Cisneros acts as the Commissioner of the Global
Information Infrastructure Commission and is a member of the Council for
Latin American Studies at John Hopkins University. In addition, Mr. Cisneros is
a Governor of the World Economic Forum.28
Donald Carty: A Corporate Director of Barrick Gold, Dell, Sears, and
Roebuck. He is also the Chairman of Virgin America, Porter Airlines, and is the
former Chief Executive Officer of American Airlines.
Marshall Cohen: Lawyer for Cassel’s Brock & Blackwell, and former Canadian
Deputy Minister of several areas including Finance, Industry, Trade &
Commerce, Energy, and Mines & Resources. He is a Corporate Director of Barrick Gold,
American-International Group, TD Ameritrade, Premcor Incorporated, Metaldyne
Corporation, Toronto-Dominion Bank, and Lafarge Corporation. He is a member
of the International Advisory Committee for The Blackstone Group. Formerly,
he was the International Councillor for CSIS, and a former member of the
Executive Committee of The British-North American Committee and The Trilateral
Commission. He was also the Chairman of the International Trade Advisory
Committee for the Government of Canada.
John Crow: Corporate Director of Barrick Gold. He is the former Governor of
the Bank of Canada (1987-1994); Chairperson of the Central Bank Governors of
the Group of Ten countries, and one-time head of the North American Division
of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Brian Mulroney: Corporate Director and Chairman of the International
Advisory Board of Barrick Gold and most notably, the former Prime Minister of Canada
(1984-1993). He is a Director of Archer Daniels Midland Company, the
Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, and the Cendant Corporation. He is Chairman
of Trizec Properties Incorporated, America Online-Latin America
Incorporated, and Quebecor Incorporated. He sits on the International Advisory Board of
the China International Trust and Investment Corporation, JPMorgan Chase,
Independent News and Media, Power Corporation, Bombardier Incorporated,
Aerospace Group - North America, and General Enterprise Management Services Limited.
In addition, he is an honorary trustee of the George H.W. Bush Presidential
Library and Senior Partner in the Ogilvy Renault law firm.
Anthony Munk: Peter Munk’s son. He is a Director of Barrick Gold and Onex.
Peter Munk: Founder, Director; member of the International Advisory Board;
and former Chief Executive Officer of Barrick Gold and the Trizec Corporation.
Mr. Munk also founded Clairtone Sound Corporation. In addition, he is a
member of the World Gold Council and the 1001 Club. Mr. Munk is a close friend
of infamous Saudi Arabian arms dealer Adnan Khoshoggi, who was involved in
financing and setting up arms deals to Iran during the Iran-Contra scandal.29
Mr. Khoshoggi helped Mr. Munk launch Barrick Gold in 1983, but later sold
his shares to Mr. Munk just before details of his involvement in Iran-Contra
broke in 1985.
Lord Charles Powell of Baywater: Lord Powell is a cross-bench member of
Britain’s Upper House of Parliament and the House of Lords, where he sits on the
Economic Affairs Committee. He served as the Private Secretary and Advisor
on Foreign Affairs and Defense to former Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and
John Major. Lord Powell is currently an Advisor to the Chairmen of BAE and
Eastern Star Publications. He is a principal at New Bridge Strategies, a
business advisory firm currently working in Iraq. He holds many directorships,
including: British Mediterranean Airways, Caterpillar Incorporated,
Financière Agache, Moet-Hennessy Louis Vuitton, Sagitta Asset Management (Chairman),
Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group, Jardine Matheson & Company Group, Textron
Corporation, Yell Group, Limited Schindler Holdings, Switzerland, and Northern
Trust Global Services.
He also serves on the Advisory Board of Barrick Gold, Diligence (a PMC),
Hicks Muse. Delta HPC (a former business partner of Lockheed Martin), GEMS
Private Equity Fund, Rolls-Royce European Strategy Board, Textron International,
Wingate Capital, Magna Corporation, the European Advisory Group GMBH, Thales
U.K., and Alfa Capital. Lord Powell is Chairman of the Said Business School
Foundation’s (Oxford University) Board of Trustees. He is also active with
several non-corporate groups including trustee postitions at the Aspen
Institute (USA), British Museum, and the Karim Rida Said Foundation. He is a
Director of the Atlantic Partnership, the Singapore Millennium Foundation, and the
U.K.-China Forum. He is also President of the China-Britain Business Council
and a member of the Council of the International Institute for Strategic
Studies.
William Cohen: Member of Barrick Gold and Intel Corporation’s International
Advisory Boards. Intel was a major consumer of tantalum in the early 2000s
during the computer industry boom. He is currently the Chairman and Chief
Executive Officer of the Cohen Group, an international business consulting firm.
He is currently a Director at Viacom and AIG. Mr. Cohen is also CNN’s
World Affairs Contributor. He was the U.S. Secretary of Defense (1997-2001)
during the beginning of the 2nd Congo War and NATO’s bombing of Kosovo.
Prior to working for the DOD, he was a U.S. Senator for the state of Maine
(1979-1997) and served on the Select Committee on Intelligence (1983–1991, 1995
–1997), the Governmental Affairs Committee (1979-1997), Assistant Secretary
of State for African Affairs (1989-1993 in George H.W. Bush’s administration)
and the Armed Services Committee (1979–1997). In addition, he served on the
Iran-Contra investigative committee in 1987. Before he was elected Senator,
he was a House Representative for Maine’s 2nd District (1973-1979). While
in Congress, he served on the House Judiciary Committee that investigated the
Watergate scandal. He served on the Board of Directors of the Council on
Foreign Relations (1989-1997) on its Middle East Study Group and currently works
for several think-tanks and committees including the CSIS (Counselor and
Trustee) , the School for Advanced International Studies, the William S. Cohen
Center for International Policy and Commerce at the University of Maine in
Orono (Chairman), and the Brookings Institution. He established and led U.S.
delegations to the American-Arab Dialogue in Cairo and is the Chairman Emeritus
of the U.S.-Taiwan Business Council. Mr. Cohen is also a former trustee of
the Africa Foundation. In May 1992, he got Rwandan opposition parties to
meet with RPF officials in Brussels.30
Paul G. Desmarais Senior: Member of the International Advisory Board of
Barrick Gold and Chase Manhattan Bank N.A. He is Chairman of the Executive
Committee of the Power Corporation, and honorary President of the Canada-China
Business Council. He is a former Director of TotalElfFina; former member of the
Trilateral Commission; current member of the Privy Council, and a Companion
of the Order of Canada. He is on the Advisory Board of the Carlyle Group and
CSIS. Mr. Desmarais is a personal friend of the Bush family (Former U.S.
President George Herbert Walker Bush is the former Chairman of Barrick Gold’s
International Advisory Board [1995-1999] and was a personal golfing partner of
President Mobutu31) and. Brian Mulroney.32
Vernon Jordan Junior: He was Chairman of Bill Clinton’s presidential
transition team and one of his top political advisors as well. He is currently a
Senior Counselor practicing general, corporate, legislative and international
law with the firm Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer, & Feld. In addition, he is a
member of the Bilderberger Group, the Iraq Study Group, the Council on Foreign
Relations, and the Trilateral Commission. He sits on the Board of Directors
for American Express, Dow Jones & Company, Lazard Freres and Company, J.C.
Penney Company, Xerox Corporation, Ashbury Automotive Group, and the LBJ
Foundation. He is also a member of the International Advisory Boards of Barrick
Gold and Daimler-Chrysler. Mr. Jordan serves on the Board of Governors for
the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies; a Senior Managing Director
with Lazard Freres & Company; and a Trustee of Howard University. He is a
former Director for Revlon, Sara Lee, Corning, and Nabisco.
He has been involved with several African-American civil rights, equality,
and empowerment groups. He served as President and Chief Executive Officer of
the National Urban League, Incorporated; Executive Director of the United
Negro College Fund; Director of the Voter Education Project of the Southern
Regional Council; attorney-consultant at the U.S. Office of Economic
Opportunity; Assistant to the Executive Director of the Southern Regional Council; and
Georgia Field Director of the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People. He also received numerous presidential appointments including a
spot on the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on South Africa.
Karl Otto Pöhl: Member of the International Advisory Board of Barrick Gold,
the Carlyle Group, former Chairman of the German Bundesbank (Central Bank)
from 1980-1991, and former German Governor of the IMF. He served in Germany’s
Economics and Finance Ministries. He is currently a partner in Sal.
Oppenheim Junior & Cie investment bank; member of the Bilderberger Group; Director of
GAMCO Investors Incorporated and Gabelli Funds LLC; and Senior Advisor to
the Ahli United Bank.
Nathaniel Rothschild: International Advisory Board member of Barrick Gold
and Co-chairman of Atticus Capital. He is a Director of RIT Capital Partners
PLC, Trigranit (Chairman), The Rothschild Foundation, JNR Limited (Chairman),
and a member of the Belfer Center's International Council at Harvard's John
F. Kennedy School of Government. In addition, Mr. Rothschild is on the
International Advisory Council of the Brookings Institute. Mr. Rothschild is the
only son of Jacob Rothschild and belongs to the well-known Rothschild family
of bankers.
Andrew Young: Member of the International Advisory Board of Barrick Gold,
Argus Newspapers, and Delta Airlines. He was a close personal friend of Dr.
Martin Luther King Junior, a prominent African-American civil rights activist
in the U.S. Mr. Young is a former Ambassador to the U.N. (1977-1979) under
President Jimmy Carter and a Georgian Congressman from 1973-1977. He served
two terms as Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia where he was Co-Chair of the Atlanta
Committee for the Centennial Olympic Games in 1996. He was appointed by Bill
Clinton to chair the Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund. Mr. Young is
the former Chairman of Working Families for Wal-Mart and the Southern Africa
Development Fund. He was also a Director of the Drum Major Institute and a
consultant for Nike. In addition, Mr. Young is the former President of the
National Council of Churches (2000-2001) and a former member of the National
Security Study Group.
He is the current Co-Chair and Co-Founder of GoodWorks International
(GoodWorks is a member of the CCA; Associate of the African-American Institute;
affiliate of the Council of Foreign Relations, and Senior Advisor of the National
Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Client corporations of
GoodWorks include Barrick Gold, ChevronTexaco, Monsanto, Nike, and Coca-Cola.)
and a founder of the CCA. He teaches public affairs as a professor of policy
studies at Georgia State University's Andrew Young School of Policy Studies.
Mr. Young is a Director of Argus, Host Marriott Corporation, Archer Daniels
Midland, Cox Communications, Atlanta Market Center, the Atlanta Falcons, and
Thomas Nelson Publishing. He is currently a member of the Bretton Woods
Committee, the Council of Foreign Relations, and is an active Freemason. Mr.
Young is also currently promoting international investment in Rwanda and is
working on creating a convention of international investors in Kigali that will
be the largest African business summit to date. It is currently scheduled for
2010.
In addition to George Herbert Walker Bush, Barrick Gold has several other
former directors with major credentials:
Howard Baker Junior: Tennessee’s Republican Senator from 1967-1985,
including two terms each as Senate Majority and Senate Minority Leader. He then
served as President Ronald Regan’s Chief of Staff in 1987-1988. After parting
ways with President Reagan, he joined Donelson, Bearman & Caldwell (1989-2001),
a lobbying firm for hire that represented Barrick Gold. In 2001, he was
called to serve as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan. In 2005, he stepped down from
his post and reunited with Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz as
a full partner. He also joined the Advisory Board of Citigroup. Mr. Baker
also runs the University of Tennessee-Knoxville Center for Public Policy named
in his honor.
Edward Ney: This former director of Barrick was George Herbert Walker Bush’s
Ambassador to Canada (1989-1992); a reward for running Bush’s presidential
ad campaign in 1988. Mr. Ney took charge of Young and Rubicam (acquired by
WPP Group in 2000), a public relations agency-for-hire in 1970 and he built it
into the largest firm of its kind. Mr. Ney was named Chairman of the
Advisory Board at Burson-Marsteller, a subsidiary of Young and Rubicam.
Burston-Marsteller is also a public relations firm-for-hire who was hired to cover up
Shell’s nefarious business policies in Nigeria. They were also hired by
General Jorge Videla’s violent regime in Argentina, and the Government of Indonesia
during the time they were enacting their murderous policies during their
occupation of East Timor. Burson-Marsteller also worked for Monsanto during
their Bovine Growth Hormone scandal; lobbied for the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) and tobacco companies; covered for Union Carbide after the
Bhopal disaster, and worked to improve Exxon’s image after the Valdez spill in
Alaska.33
John Trevor Eyton: Mr. Eyton was a Canadian Senator first appointed in 1990
by (then) Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. He is a Director of Brazoil, Coca
Cola, IQ Ludorum, Nayarit Gold, Owen Media Partners, General Motors Canada,
IMAX, Partners for Youth, Nestle Canada, Noranda Incorporated, the International
Chamber of Commerce (Paris), Excor-Zerust Canada, and Brookfield Asset
Management. Mr. Eyton is Chairman of the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame,
Excor-Zerust Canada, Ivernia, Multi-Games Incorporated, Richview Resources, and Silver
Bear Resources. He is Governor of the Canadian Olympic Foundation, Junior
Achievement Canada, and the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. Previously, he
served as a Senior Partner at the law firm of Tory Tory Deslauriers & Binnington
and as Chairman of EdperBrascan (now Brookfield Asset Management). He is
also a member of the Trilateral Commission.
Richard Helms: Director of the CIA from 1966 to 1973 under President
Richard Nixon and Deputy Director of the CIA under John McCone. Prior to this, he
worked in the Office of Strategic Services, the parent department of the CIA.
During President Nixon’s term, he was the Ambassador to Iran. He was
involved with Augusto Pinochet’s coup of Chilean President Salvador Allende in
1973. He also served on the board of the Bank of Credit and Commerce
International, which was embroiled in laundering money from international arms dealers
and terrorists. He was a Director of the Carlyle Group, a consultant for
Bechtel, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Sources in Aru on the Congo-Uganda border stated “white executives” from
Barrick Gold fly in and inspect Watsa every few months, but the company refuses
to resume operations until fighting stops in the area. With MONUC in full
control of Watsa, the fighting has ceased. MONUC’s logistics branch has
established regular flights there. Barrick can now try and repossess their mining
license for the concession. The infrastructure in Watsa, Doko, and Durba
has been restored. Durba has a working grinder and Nzoro has an active
hydro-electric power source. The Kenyan construction firm Civicon began work on a
108 kilometer road leading from the Vura border post to Watsa and should be
finished in nine months time barring the return of armed warfare in the area.
The Australian/Canadian mining firm Moto Goldmines Limited provided some of
the equipment for the job as per a contractual agreement with the Congolese
Government.34
Barrick Gold is a former business partner of the previously mentioned firm
American Mineral Fields Incorporated (now named Adastra Minerals), who still
owns their extensive concessions in Katanga Province. Barrick was also
partnered with the infamous and now defunct mining firm Bre-X Minerals Limited.35
One of Barrick’s current business partners is South Africa-based Gold
Fields. Gold Fields purchased Barrick’s stake in South Deep, a mine located west
of Johannesburg they acquired when Placer Dome was purchased. As part of the
deal, Barrick was given over $300 million dollars (U.S.) worth of shares in
Gold Fields.36 Notables associated with Gold Fields include Chief Executive
Officer Ian Cockerill (former Executive Officer for Business Development and
African International Operations for AngloGold Ashanti Limited), Director John
Hopwood (former Director and head of the Mergers and Acquisitions Division
of Ernst & Young’s Corporate Finance; former Executive Director of Gold Fields
of South Africa Limited), Director Patrick Ryan (former Executive Vice
President of Mining Operations, Development and Exploration at Phelps Dodge),
Tokyo Sexwale (Chairman of Mvelaphanda Resources Limited), Rupert Pennant-Rea
(Chairman of Henderson Group plc; Director of British American Tobacco plc,
Sherrit International Corporation, First Quantum Minerals, and Rio Narcea; former
editor for The Economist and the former Deputy Governor of the Bank of
England)
Barrick also works with Australia-based Emperor Gold, who is a minority
stakeholder in Barrick’s Porgera mine project in Papau New Guinea. Emperor’s
Non-Executive Director Robert J. McDonald was a Managing Director of NM
Rothschild & Sons (Australia) Limited and also held numerous positions with Rio
Tinto, who also mines in Papau New Guinea. Non-Executive Chairman Geoffrey
Campbell used to manage Merrill Lynch’s Investment Managers’ Gold and General
Fund, one of the largest investment funds of its kind in the world.
Emperor is a subsidiary of DRDGold Limited, based in South Africa. Mr.
Campell acts as its Non-Executive Chairman as well. Director James Turk founded
GoldMoney Network Limited, a digital gold transaction system. He also worked
with Chase Manhattan Bank before managing the Commodity Department of the
Abu Dhabi Investment Authority. Alternate Director Kobus Dissel hails from
AngloGold.
Another partner of Barrick Gold was Ashanti Goldfields Limited, a company
later purchased by Anglo-American Corporation and renamed AngloGold-Ashanti
Limited. AngloGold-Ashanti is actively mining on Concession #40 in and around
Mongbwalu, where local Anglo officials stand accused of illegally paying off
the FNI in 2004 to mine the area in safety. They also reportedly allowed the
FNI and its President Floribert Njabu to use company vehicles, jets
(chartered by Kilwa Air, who also chartered for MotoGoldmines Limited), lawyers, and
housing. Jean-Pierre Bemba was reportedly the man who suggested AngloGold
work with the FNI in order to start mining in 2004. William Swing was
supportive of AngloGold-Ashanti’s exporation plans in FNI territory. At the time,
MONUC did not have a presence in Mongbwalu, only Bunia. AngloGold-Ashanti
employees (at the time) who had direct contact with the FNI were Ashley Lassen
(Head of AngloGold-Ashanti’s Uganda branch), Howard Fall (Project Manager in
Mongbwalu), Jean-Claude Kanku (consultant), Desire Sangara (AngloGold-Ashanti’s
Manager in the Kinshasa office), and Mark Hanham (Engineer).37
AngloGold’s Chief Executive Officer Bobby Godsell (former Chairman of the
World Gold Council) dismissed the allegations and announced they were going to
continue work in Mongbwalu, but he promised to pull out of the Congo if his
workers were forced to pay militias off to ensure their safety.38 In the
meantime Anglo-American is looking to sell AngloGold-Ashanti. Newmont Mining has
shown interest in a merger with AngloGold, which would seriously dilute
Anglo-American’s ownership, but not eliminate it. Despite the plans to sell off
AngloGold, Anglo-American still plans for formally open two offices in the
Congo: one in Kinshasa and one in Lubumbashi. Anglo-American, which posted a
whopping 46% profit in 2006, is looking to buy back three billion dollars
(U.S.) worth of shares and invest in copper projects in the Congo.39
(Then) AngloGold-Ashanti’s President and Non-Executive Director Sir Samuel
Kwesi Jonah, reportedly backed the RCD financially after L. Kabila revoked a
mining contract from him while he was the Chief Executive Officer of Ashanti
Goldfields Limited. Ashanti originally bought the concession from Mindev for
only five million dollars (U.S.). After the RCD/ANC controlled the area, the
RCD’s Minister of Mining Alex Thambwe returned the contract to Ashanti
Goldfields.40 Sir Jonah resigned from AngloGold-Ashanti’s Board of Directors in
February 2007.
Sir Jonah is a Board Member of Lonmin, the Commonwealth African Investment
Fund (Comafin), Transnet Limited, Anglo-American Platinum Corporation Limited,
the Ashesi University Foundation, Equinox Minerals (Chairman), the
uranium-producing nuclear power company UraMin Incorporated (Chairman), Anglo-American
Corporation, Ghana Airways, Moto Goldmines Limited, Scharrig Mining
(Chairman), Sierra Rutile Limited (Chairman), Sierra Resources Holding, Range
Resources Limited (which holds the rights to all the minerals in the Somali
semi-autonomous state of Puntland), Titanium Resources Group, Copper Resources
Corporation (with George Arthur Forrest and George Andrew Forrest), Standard Bank
Group of South Africa, Bayport Holding Limited, Transnet Limited, Equator
Exploration Limited in Nigeria and São Tomé & Príncipé (with Baronness Lynda
Chalker), and he is a former director of Mittal Steel (currently in the
proverbial hot seat for a contract they signed with the government of Liberia)
He is a member of the Advisory Council of the U.N. Secretary General's
Global Compact, South African President Thabo Mbeki's International Investment
Advisory Council, the African Regional Advisory Board of the London Business
School, First Atlantic Merchant Bank, Defiance Mining, Ghanian President John
Kufuor's Ghana Investors' Advisory Council, President Obasanjo Nigerian
Investors’ Advisory Council, and serves as a Presidential Advisor to President
Mohamud Muse Hersi of the Somali state of Puntland. He also holds an honorary
British knighthood, the Star of Ghana and several other international awards and
titles. He recently announced plans to open his own firm called Jonah
Mining.
Currently, the Canadian company African Mineral Fields Incorporated (AMFI),
recently purchased by Nevada-based Magnus Resources Incorporated, owns rights
to a section of Concession #38. African Mineral Fields also owns gold mining
concessions in Uganda at Mwerusandu, and Mitoma, Mubende, and Lugazi.
Bruce Milne, AMFI’s Uganda Exploration and Country Manager, originally discovered
the concessions Barrick Gold currently owns in Tanzania. John Dixon, a
consulting geologist for AMFI, once worked as a consultant for Placer Dome from
(2000-2006). Placer Dome was bought out by Barrick in late 2005.
Moto Goldmines Limited (headed by Sir Samuel Jonah) entered into a joint
venture on Concessions # 38 and #39 (which includes the mines in Durba, Karagwa,
and Chauffeur) through its subsidiary Borgakim Mining SPRL (a subsidiary of
Border Energy Limited, which is itself a subsidiary of Moto Goldmines
Australia Limited, whose parent company is Moto Goldmines Limited). Originally, a
joint venture was created between the privately owned Orgaman SPRL and OKIMO
on 10 May, 2003. Moto Goldmines then bought into the existing agreement
between the two and became a 60% owner of the property.41
Moto Goldmines Limited was created when Moto Goldmines Australia Limited
(formerly Equis Limited) and King Products Incorporated (formerly Wizard Lake
Petroleum Corporation) merged in 2005. Moto Goldmines has set up a complicated
series of 13 subsidiaries in order to control as much of Concession # 38 as
possible. Border Energy Limited is a wholly owned holding company of Moto
Goldmines Limited. Moto Goldmines Limited created several subsidiaries as
joint ventures with Border Energy, many of which are active in Ituri District and
have entered into joint ventures of their own with OKIMO. They include
Rambi Mining SPRL, Blue Rose SPRL (owned by Blue Rose Investments Limited in
Strathavon, South Africa), Kibali Gold SPRL, Amani Gold SPRL, Gorumbwa Mining
SPRL, Tangold SPRL (owned by Greendale Universal Holdings Limited in Roadtown on
Tortala Island, British Virgin Islands) , and the aformentioned Borgakim
SPRL. Orgaman SPRL was previously established in the Congo to import frozen
fruit and is owned by Belgian William Damseaux. Reginald Gillard is the company’
s President and Jean-Claude Damseaux is the Vice President.
The deal to include Moto Goldfields Limited in the contract has come under
heavy scrutiny by the Congolese Government. Mr. Victor Kasongo Shomary, OKIMO’
s (then) Managing Director, never approved the contract, but three of OKIMO’
s four directors did. The contract was questionable because it had a clause
that allowed OKIMO’s Directors to short-sell additional plots of land to
Borgakim SPRL. Additionally, the percentage of ownership allocated to OKIMO was
only 30% and any additional joint ventures with another Moto Goldmines
Limited subsidiaries would likely reduce the percentage further. The contract also
required Borgakim SPRL to pay for prospecting the concessions, but they have
opted to rely on old studies (funded entirely by OKIMO) for data as a way to
save themselves money, which is a breach of the legal agreement. The
Ministry of Finance has suspended all negotiations between OKIMO, Borgakim SPRL,
and Moto Goldfields Limited. In addition, the contracts of Moto Goldfields
Limited’s smaller subsidiaries are under review because of late payments on the
lease agreements. OKIMO gave MotoGoldfields Limited an ultimatum: they have
75 days to invest in a metallurgical plant, a power station, and then begin
mining in Durba, or else the contract is null and void. Sir Jonah reassured
his shareholder, stating OKIMO’s threats have “no legal value and (are) of
no effect.” He also accused other mining companies of souring Moto Goldmines’
relationship with President Kabila.42
On top of all this, OKIMO’s management is also under investigation for
stealing gold from Concession #38. Mr. Kasongo, OKIMO’s Financial Director, and
its Sales Manager all stand accused of diverting mined gold for personal
profit. Mr. Kasongo was later exonerated of the charges and appointed President
Joseph Kabila’s Deputy Minister of Mining. The outside pressure on Mr.
Kasongo is evident as he is now proposing to privatize OKIMO via the London and
Toronto stock exchanges.43 Moto Goldmines is counting on Mr. Kasongo’s
departure from OKIMO to allow the remaining directors to persuade the incoming
director to cooperate with them and approve the contract.
A number of smaller companies with leases on Concession #38 and/or #39 have
not honored their contracts because they have been inactive on the mining
sites. One is the private firm Aston and Sheffield Commodities-Goldagem SPRL.
Aston and Sheffield is Goldagem’s parent company. Goldagem itself is based
in Dubai and run by Taoufik Mathlouthi, Chairman of Mecca Cola. Two
additional small firms that have not paid for their mining leases are Rambi Mining
SPRL and Amani Gold SPRL.
A large company that has failed to honor its mining contract in Ituri is
Mwana Africa PLC, owned by Mwana Africa Holdings Limited based in Johannesburg,
South Africa. It was founded by three former Anglo-American directors in
2003. The firm began a joint venture project with OKIMO in June of 2005. Mwana
Africa is also the vast majority shareholder of a joint venture with
Anglo-American located south of Kolwezi, Fungerume, and Likasi in Katanga Province
to mine copper and cobalt. With copper prices at records highs, Mwana is
agressively seeking to expand its project, while Anglo-American has made
deliberate efforts to expand their copper mining assets. They are negotiating with
Gécamines to purchase another concession in Katanga Province to expand their
project.
Mwana Africa Holdings Limited was bought out by the Dublin-based (Ireland is
known to be very leinient on corporate taxes) company African Gold PLC.
African Gold PLC purchased Tangold SPRL in June 2004. Tangold SPRL itself owned
a single portion of OKIMO Concession #38 at the time of the purchase and
that contract is on the verge of being canceled. Mwana Africa Holdings also
owns part of Australia-based Gravity Diamonds Limited, a joint venture with BHP
Billiton, Asia Marketing Limited (registered in Israel), Intergroup
Consultants Limited, and a number of private diamond firms primarily registered in
Antwerp, Belgium, home of the Diamond High Council (HRD). Incidentally, Antwerp
was also the main port of entry for coltan coming to Europe from the Congo
during the coltan boom of the early 2000s. Gravity Diamonds is active in the
Congo’s former Kasai Province, Angola, and Australia. Lastly, Mwana also
owns Sibika S.A., which had a 20% stake in MIBA (the Congolese state-owned
diamond mining entity) at the time of the purchase.44
Mwana Africa Holdings also bought Bindura Nickel Corporation from
AngloGold-Ashanti in 2004. Bindura was chiefly active in Zimbabwe as it was a joint
venture between AngloGold-Ashanti and the government of Zimbabwe run by
President Robert Mugabe. In early May 2004, Bindura’s Chief Executive Officer
Leonard Chimimba was shot and killed outside his home in Harare after returning
from a meeting with bank executives. He also reportedly visited the Governor
of Zimbabwe’s Reserve Bank (Gideon Gono) the day before. The murder occurred
after over half a million dollars (U.S.) worth of nickel disappeared from two
Bindura trucks driving to South Africa in March. The incident is believed
to be the work of business insiders working with criminal syndicates in South
Africa.45
Mwana Africa recently sought to expand its operations by bidding for the
Canadian diamond exploration company SouthernEra Diamonds (through JPMorgan and
OZ Management), who holds joint ventures with BHP Billiton and Nyumba Ya Akiba
SPRL, as well as their own exploration projects in the Kasai-Occidental and
Kasai-Oriental Provinces of the Congo. In addition, they own 20% of MIBA.46
As can be expected, the company employs several well-connected individuals.
Director Dr. Chris Jennings was an assistant vice president of Falconbridge
Limited, a company integrated into Xstrata in August 2006. He was also the
Deputy Director of Botswana’s Geological Survey. Chief Financial Officer Mr.
Chris Reynolds spent several years with accounting giant (then) Price
Waterhouse. President Alasdair MacPhee spent 17 years with DeBeers and Mr. Michael
Kritzinger, a company lawyers, provided council for Anglo-American, DeBeers,
and Gencor/Billiton.
Notables directing African Gold PLC are Hank Slack (Director of
Anglo-American [1981-1999], Chief Executive of Minorco [1991-1999], current Director of
Terra Industries and Engelhard Corporation, former Director of Solomon
Brothers and SAB Miller), John Teeling (Chairman of Minco, Petrel resources, Pan
Andean Resources, and African Diamonds), Oliver Baring (Executive Chairman of
the First Africa Group; former Anglo-American Director; current Chairman of
Cluff Mining PLC; non-executive Director of Merrill Lynch World Mining Trust and
the Tiedmann Trust Company, and advisor for the The Senient Resources Fund).
Another major player is African Gold’s Chief Executive Officer Kalaa Mpinga.
Mr. Mpinga is the son of a former Prime Minister and nephew of Mr.
Pierre-Victor Mpoyo (One of L. Kabila’s advisors; the former Congolese Minister of
Economy; former Minister of State; owner of the Central Mining Group, and
business partner of Zimbabwean Billy Rautenbach, the Director of Gécamines in
1998). Kalaa received his Agricultural Development and Economics degrees at the
University of California-Davis and McGill University (Canada) respectively.
After graduating, he went to work for the Bechtel Corporation in San
Francisco. In 1991, he left to join LTA Limited, which was owned by Anglo-American
Corporation. In 1997, he was promoted to Executive Director of Anglo-American’
s mining division and worked in the Congo’s Ministry of Economy under his
uncle. To this day, Mr. Mpinga continues to hold strong ties with
Anglo-Amcerican.47 From 1998-2000, Mr. Mpinga was a Patron and Board Member of the
African Business Roundtable and he was also an Executive Director of New Business
Africa. In 2001, he was one a founding member of Mwana Africa Holdings.
He currently is a Director of Group Five Limited (a huge construction firm),
and GijimaAST, a technology corporation based in South Africa. In addition,
he is Chairman of Bindura Nickel Corporation. Many of Mr. Mpinga’s recent
projects are funded by Lansdowne Partners Ltd. and Marshall Wace LLP.48 On a
personal note, Mr. Mpinga is an open admirer of the late
DeBeers/Anglo-American patriarch Harry Oppenheimer, calling him, “A great African, a man with a
vision for the continent and indeed a pioneer of African renaissance.”49
David Barouski is an African Affairs researcher with a focus on Central
Africa. He was the co-recipient of a Project Censored award in 2006 and is a
regular contibutor to Znet. His work has appeared in Z Magazine, Waheen Online,
the Somaliland Times, and Congo Panorama. He is the author of the book, “
Laurent Nkundabatware, his Rwandan Allies, and the ex-ANC Mutiny: Chronic
Barriers to Lasting Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” which he
traveled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda to research.
1 “Congo’s Coltan Rush,” BBC News. 1 August 2001.
2 “Half of Congo Licenses May Not Comply,” David McKay. Mining MX. 3
April, 2007. http://www.miningmx.com/mining_fin/745949.htm.
3 Reno, William. “Sovereignity and Personal Rule in Zaire.” African
Studies Quarterly. Volume 1, Issue 3. May 1997.
4 “New Leaders Take Africa Into Their Own Hands,” Sam Kiley. The Times.
20 May, 1997.
5 Madsen, Wayne. “Genocide and Operations in Africa: 1993-1999.”
Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales, United Kingdom: Edwin Mellen Press, Limited. 1999.
pg. 283, 300-301.
6 Ibid. pg. 281; Baracyetse, Pierre, Loudiebo, Alexandre. “The
Geopolitical Stakes of the International Mining Companies in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo (Ex-Zaire).” English Translation. 2000.
7 Madsen, Wayne. “Genocide and Operations in Africa: 1993-1999.”
Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales, United Kingdom: Edwin Mellen Press, Limited. 1999.
pg. 280-283.
8 Baracyetse, Pierre, Loudiebo, Alexandre. “The Geopolitical Stakes of the
International Mining Companies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(Ex-Zaire).” English Translation. 2000.
9 “Friends in High Places,” Richard C. Morais. Forbes. 10 August, 1998.
10 “U.S. Firms Stake Claims in Zaire’s War,” Cindy Shiner. CNN. 17 April,
1997.
11 Madsen, Wayne. “Genocide and Operations in Africa: 1993-1999.”
Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales, United Kingdom: Edwin Mellen Press, Limited. 1999.
pg. 67, 280-283.
12 Ibid. pg. 70.
13 Ibid. pg. 283; “Firm From Clinton's Home Town Has Deal With Zaire
Rebel Chief,” Christopher Ruddy. NewsMax. 16 May, 1997; “Congo-Zaire,” Conor
de Lion. Global Finance. June 1997.
14 “U.S. Firms Stake Claims in Zaire’s War,” Cindy Shiner. CNN. 17 April,
1997.
15 “DeBeers Bows to Zaire Rebels,” Stefaans Brümmer, Chris McGreal. Mail &
Guardian. 18 April, 1997.
16 United States Department of the Interior. “The Mineral Industry of
Zaire.” George J. Coakley. 1997.
17 United States Department of the Interior. “The Mineral Industry of
Congo (Kinshasa).” George J. Coakley. 1998.
18 “Canadian Companies in the Congo and OECD Guidelines.” Corporate
Knights. Issue CK 16. 5 June, 2006.
19 “Gold Producer Buys Barrick Properties,” Las Vegas Review-Journal. 17
May, 1998.
20 “The Curse of Gold: Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Human Rights
Watch. 26 April, 2005. pg. 16; “OKIMO History,” ASC Goldagem SPRL.
Accessed 9 February, 2007.
http://www.goldagem.com/corporate/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=28.
21 United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on International
Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations. “
Suffering and Despair: Humanitarian Crisis in the Congo.” One Hundred Seventh
Congress, Session 1. Serial No. 107–16. 17 May, 2001.
22 “Shifting Sands: Oil Exploration in the Rift Valley and the Congo
Conflict.” Dominic Johnson. Pole Institute. 13 March, 2003. pg. 9-10.
23 Private Interview. 2006.
24 “Don Doyle Explains ‘Blanchard vs. Barrick and J.P. Morgan’.” Jay
Taylor. Jay Taylor’s Gold and Technology Stocks. Volume 22, Number 15. 3
January, 2004.
25 “Barrick Gold Eliminates Non-Project Hedge Contracts but Retains 9.5m
Project Gold Hedge,” Dorothy Kosich. Mineweb. 23 February, 2007.
http://www.mineweb.net/whats_new/636352.htm.
26 UK Defence Firm Lobbied Minister to Drop Corruption Probe: Report,”
Agence France Pressé. 16 December, 2006.
27 “BAE Systems,” Campaign Against Arms Trade. Accessed 12 February, 2006.
http://www.caat.org.uk/publications/armsfairs/dsei-2003-report/baes.php.
28 “Gustavo A. Cisneros,” americaneagle.com. The Global Information
Infrastructure Commission. Accessed 9 October, 2006.
http://www.giic.org/commissioners/bio/bio_cisneros.asp.
29 Madsen, Wayne. “Genocide and Operations in Africa: 1993-1999.”
Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales, United Kingdom: Edwin Mellen Press, Limited. 1999.
pg. 74.
30 Philpot, Robin. “Rwanda 1994: Colonialism Dies Hard.” Robin Philpot,
The Taylor Report (Phil Taylor). 2004.
http://www.taylor-report.com/Rwanda_1994/.
31 Palast, Greg. “The Best Democracy Money Can Buy.” New York, New York:
Plume (Penguin Group). 1st American Edition. 2003. pg. 93.
32 “Paul Desmarais,” Wikipedia. Accessed 10 October, 2006.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Desmarais.
33 “Burston-Marsteller: A Corporate Profile,” Corporation Watch UK. July
2002. http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?lid=395.
34 “Ituri: BTP’s Machines to Rehabilitate the Aru-Watsa Axis,” Radio Okapi.
English Translation. 20 January, 2007.
http://www.radiookapi.net/article.php?id=6579.
35 “The Western Heart of Darkness: Mineral-Rich Congo Ravaged by Genocide
and Plunder,” Asad Ismi. CCPA Monitor. October 2001.
36 “A Dream Deal for Gold Fields,” Allan Secombe. Mining MX. 25 January,
2007. http://www.miningmx.com/gold_silver/158800.htm.
37 “The Curse of Gold: Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Human Rights
Watch. 26 April, 2005; Private Interview. 2006.
38 “AngloGold Settles DRC ‘Key Concerns’,” Brendan Ryan. Mining MX. 7
August, 2007. http://www.miningmx.com/gold_silver/905761.htm.
39 “Anglo American Profits Grow 46%,” BBC News. 21 February, 2007; “Anglo
$3bn Share Buyback in 2007,” Allan Seccombe. Mining MX. 21 February, 2007.
http://www.miningmx.com/mining_fin/633567.htm; “Stability Tempts Mining
Companies Back to Congo,” Rebecca Bream. Financial Times. 21 February, 2007.
40 Madsen, Wayne. “Genocide and Operations in Africa: 1993-1999.”
Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales, United Kingdom: Edwin Mellen Press, Limited. 1999.
pg. 305.
41 Alternative Investment Market (London). “Schedule 1 – Pre-Admission
Announcement: Moto Goldfields Limited.” 17 March, 2006.
http://www.motogoldmines.com.au/aim/Pre-admission%20announcement%20and%20appendix0306.pdf. Note:
Must have Adobe Reader to view.
42 “Business Borgakim-OKIMO: Exact Contours of a Contract That Wants to ‘
Kill’ Kilo-Moto for Good!,” DigitalCongo3.0. English Translation. 18
January, 2007. http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/40343; “OKIMO, A Very Annoyed
Trade-Union Delegation!,” La Prospérité. English Translation. 19 January,
2007; “Mining Conflict OKIMO-Borgakim: Anxious Interference From Minister
Balamage!,” DigitalCongo 3.0. English Translation. 30 December, 2006.
http://www.digitalcongo.net/article/39948; “OKIMO Says Clock is Ticking on Moto,”
David McKay. MiningMX. 16 February, 2007.
http://www.miningmx.com/juniors/629800.htm; “Update on the Moto Gold Project.” Moto Goldmines Limited.
Press Release. 26 February, 2007; “Moto’s Jonah in Congo Parley,” David
McKay. Mining MX. 29 March, 2007.
http://www.miningmx.com/gold_silver/732748.htm.
43 “Congo Accuses Canadian Mining Firm of ‘Cheating’,” The East African.
12 March, 2007.
44 “Year in Review 2006: Democratic Republic of the Congo July to December.”
Great Lakes Center for Strategic Studies. 2006. pg. 24.
45 “Mining Boss Shot Dead,” Daily Mirror. 12 May, 2004.
46 “Mwana Launches Hostile Bid for SouthernEra Diamonds,” Rodrick
Mukumbira. Mineweb. 19 March, 2007.
http://www.mineweb.co.za/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page31?oid=16385&sn=Detail.
47 “Mpinga Still in Cahoots With Anglo,” African Mining Intelligence.
N°149. 7 February, 2007.
48 “Fertile Ground: Hedge Funds Travel to Africa,” Alistair MacDonald. The
Wall Street Journal. 6 October, 2006.
49 “Tribute to Harry Oppenheimer: Pioneer of African Renaissance,” Kalaa
Mpinga. Daily Dispatch. 29 August, 2000.
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