> Doctrines of Garvey's UNIA
>
> From Hamara Holt:
>
> The beliefs, ideologies, and doctrines of the UNIA collectively express
> their desire to unite the Negro race, ensure its purity, and establish
> a republic in which those displaced in the African Diaspora could live
> in unity. To begin with, the "Beliefs of the UNIA," "General Objects of
> UNIA-ACL," and motto were all written by Marcus Garvey. In addition,
> the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World as well as
> the UNIA Assertion on the Condition of the Negro were written in
> consultation by members of the UNIA at their historic conventions.
>
> Beliefs of the UNIA
> "The Universal Negro Improvement Association advocated the uniting and
> blending of all Negroes into one strong, healthy race. It is against
> miscegenation and race suicide.
> It believes that the Negro race is as good as any other, and therefore
> should be as proud of itself as others are.
> It believes in the purity of the Negro race and the purity of the white
> race.
> It is against rich blacks marrying poor whites.
> It is against rich or poor whites taking advantage of Negro women.
> It believes in the spiritual Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of
> Man.
> It believes in the social and political physical separation of all
> peoples to the extent that they promote their own ideals and civilization,
> with the privilege of trading and doing business with each other. It
> believes in the promotion of a strong and powerful Negro nation in
> Africa.
> It believes in the rights of all men." 26
>
> General Objects of UNIA-ACL
> Immediately after organizing the Negro Improvement Society on August 1,
> 1914, which later became the UNIA, Garvey established its general and
> fundamental objects:
> "To establish a Universal Confraternity among the race;
> to promote the spirit of pride and love;
> to reclaim the fallen;
> to administer to and assist the needy;
> to assist in civilizing the backward tribes of Africa;
> to assist in the development of Independent Negro Nations and
> Communities;
> to establish a central nation for the race; to establish Commissaries
> or Agencies in the principal countries and cities of the world for the
> representation of all Negroes;
> to promote a conscientious Christian worship among the native tribes of
> Africa;
> to establish Universities, Colleges, Academies and Schools for the
> racial education and culutre of the boys and girls of the race;
> to conduct a world-wide commercial and industrial intercourse; and
> to work for better conditions among Negroes everywhere." 27
>
> Motto
> The official motto of the Universal Negro Improvement Association is:
> "One Aim! One God! One Destiny!"
>
>
> Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World
> The UNIA's beliefs in the rights of the Negro are expressed in the
> Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World. It first affirms
> their beliefs and then appeals for redress to their greivances:
>
> Preamble
> "Be it Resolved, That the Negro people of the world, through their
> chosen representatives in convention assembled in Liberty Hall, in the
> City
> of New York and United States of America, from August 1 to August 31,
> in the year of our Lord, one thousand nine hundred and twenty, protest
> against the wrongs and injustices they are suffering at the hands of
> their white brethren, and state what they deem their fair and just rights,
> as well as the treatment they propose to demand of all men in the
> future."
> We complain:
> "That nowhere in the world, with few exceptions, are black men accorded
> equal treatment with white men, although in the same situation and
> circumstances, but, on the contrary, are discriminated against and denied
> the common rights due to human beings for no other reason than their
> race and color."
> "We are not willingly accepted as guests in the public hotels and inns
> of the world for no other reason than our race and color."
> "In certain parts of the United States of America our race is denied
> the right of public trial accorded to other races when accused of crime,
> but are lynched and burned by mobs, and such brutal and inhuman
> treatment is even practised upon our women."
> "That European nations have parcelled out among themselves and taken
> possession of nearly all of the continent of Africa, and the natives are
> compelled to surrender their lands to aliens and are treated in most
> instances like slaves."
> "In the southern portion of the United States of America, although
> citizens under the Federal Constitution, and in some states almost equal
> to
> the whites in population and are qualified land owners and taxpayers,
> we are, nevertheless, denied all voice in the making and administration
> of the laws and are taxed without representation by the state
> governments, and at the same time compelled to do military service in
> defense of
> the country."
> "On the public conveyances and common carriers in the Southern portion
> of the United States we are jim-crowed and compelled to accept separate
> and inferior accommodations and made to pay the same fare charged for
> first-class accommodations, and our families are often humiliated and
> insulted by drunken white men who habitually pass through the jim-crow
> cars going to the smoking car."
> "The physicians of our race are denied the right to attend their
> patients while in the public hospitals of the cities and states where they
> reside in certain parts of the United States."
> "Our children are forced to attend inferior separate schools for
> shorter terms than white children, and the public school funds are
> unequally
> divided between the white and colored schools."
> "We are discriminated against and denied an equal chance to earn wages
> for the support of our families, and in many instances are refused
> admission into labor unions, and nearly everywhere are paid smaller wages
> than white men."
> "In Civil Service and departmental offices we are everywhere
> discriminated against and made to feel that to be a black man in Europe,
> America
> and the West Indies is equivalent to being an outcast and a leper among
> the races of men, no matter what the character and attainments of the
> black man may be."
> "In the British and other West Indian Islands and colonies, Negroes are
> secretly and cunningly discriminated against, and denied those fuller
> rights in government to which white citizens are appointed, nominated
> and elected."
> "That our people in those parts are forced to work for lower wages than
> the average standard of white men and are kept in conditions repugnant
> to good civilized tastes and customs."
> "That the many acts of injustice against members of our race before the
> courts of law in the respective islands and colonies are of such nature
> as to create disgust and disrespect for the white man's sense of
> justice."
> "Against all such inhuman, unchristian and uncivilized treatment we
> here and now emphatically protest, and invoke the condemnation of all
> mankind."
> "In order to encourage our race all over the world and to stimulate it
> to a higher and grander destiny, we demand and insist on the following
> Declaration of Rights:
> "Be it known to all men that whereas, all men are created equal and
> entitled to the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, and
> because of this we, the duly elected representatives of the Negro
> peoples of the world, invoking the aid of the just and Almighty God do
> declare all men, women and children of our blood throughout the world free
> citizens, and do claim them as free citizens of Africa, the Motherland
> of all Negroes."
> "That we believe in the supreme authority and given to man as a common
> possession; that there should be an equitable distribution and
> apportionment of all such things, and in consideration of the fact that as
> a
> race we are now deprived of those things that are morally and legally
> ours, we believe it right that all such things should be acquired and held
> by whatsoever means possible.
> "That we believe the Negro, like any other race, should be governed by
> the ethics of civilization, and therefore, should not be deprived of
> any of those rights or privileges common to other human beings."
> "We declare that Negroes wheresoever they form a community among
> themselves, should be given the right to elect their own representatives
> to
> represent them in legislatures, courts of law, or such institutions as
> may exercise control over that particular community."
> "We assert that the Negro is entitled to even-handed justice before all
> courts of law and equity in whatever country he may be found, and when
> this is denied him on account of his race or color such denial is an
> insult to the race as a whole and should be resented by the entire body
> of Negroes."
> "We declare it unfair and prejudicial to the rights of Negroes in
> communities where they exist in considerable numbers to be tried by a
> judge
> and jury composed entirely of an alien race, but in all such cases
> members of our race are entitled to representation on the jury."
> "We believe that any law or practice that tends to deprive any African
> of his land or the privileges of free citizenship within his country is
> unjust and immoral, and no native should respect any such law or
> practice."
> "We declare taxation without representation unjust and tyrannous, and
> there should be no obligation on the part of the Negro to obey the levy
> of a tax by any law-making body from which he is excluded and denied
> representation on account of his race and color."
> "We believe that any law especially directed against the Negro to his
> detriment and singling him out because of his race or color is unfair
> and immoral, and should not be respected."
> "We believe all men entitled to common human respect, and that our race
> should in no way tolerate any insults that may be interpreted to mean
> disrespect to our color."
> "We deprecate the use of the term 'nigger' as applied to Negroes, and
> demand that the word 'Negro' be written with a capital 'N.'"
> "We believe that the Negro should adopt every means to protect himself
> against barbarous practices inflicted upon him because of color."
> "We believe in the freedom of Africa for the Negro people of the world,
> and by the principle of Europe for the Europeans and Asia for the
> Asiatics; we also demand Africa for the Africans at home and abroad."
> "We believe in the inherent right of the Negro to possess himself of
> Africa, and that his possession of same shall not be regarded as an
> infringement on any claim or purchase made by any race or nation."
> "We strongly condemn the cupidity of those nations of the world who, by
> open aggression or secret schemes, have seized the territories and
> inexhaustible natural wealth of Africa, and we place on record our most
> solemn determination to reclaim the treasures and possession of the vast
> continent of our forefathers."
> "We believe all men should live in peace one with the other, but when
> races and nations provoke the ire of other races and nations by
> attempting to infringe upon their rights, war becomes inevitable, and the
> attempt in any way to free one's self or protect one's rights or heritage
> becomes justifiable.
> "Whereas, the lynching, by burning, hanging or any other disgrace to
> civilization, we therefore declare any country guilty of such atrocities
> outside the pale of civilization."
> "We protest against the atrocious crime of whipping, flogging and
> overworking of the native tribes of Africa and Negroes everywhere. These
> are
> methods that should be abolished, and all means should be taken to
> prevent a continuance of such brutal practices."
> "We protest against the atrocious practice of shaving the heads of
> Africans, especially of African women or individuals of Negro blood, when
> placed in prison as a punishment for crime by an alien race."
> "We protest against segregated districts, separate public conveyances,
> industrial discrimination, lynchings and limitations of political
> privileges of any Negro citizen in any part of the world on account of
> race,
> color or creed, and will exert our full influence and power against all
> such."
> "We protest against any punishment inflicted upon a Negro with
> severity, as against lighter punishment inflicted upon another of an alien
> race
> for like offense, as an act of prejudice and injustice, and should be
> resented by the entire race."
> "We protest against the system of education in any country where
> Negroes are denied the same privileges and advantages as other races."
> "We declare it inhuman and unfair to boycott Negroes from industries
> and labor in any part of the world."
> "We believe in the doctrine of the freedom of the press, and we
> therefore emphatically protest against the suppression of Negro newspapers
> and
> periodicals in various parts of the world, and call upon Negroes
> everywhere to employ all available means to prevent such suppression."
> "We further demand free speech universally for all men."
> "We hereby protest against the publication of scandalous and
> inflammatory articles by an alien press tending to create racial strife
> and
> the
> exhibition of picture films showing the Negro as a cannibal."
> "We believe in the self-determination of all peoples."
> "We declare for the freedom of religious worship."
> "With the help of Almighty God, we declare ourselves the sworn
> protectors of the honor and virtue of our women and children, and pledge
> our
> lives for their protection and defense everywhere, and under all
> circumstances from wrongs and outrages."
> "We demand the right of unlimited and unprejudiced education for
> ourselves and our posterity forever."
> "We declare that the teaching in any school by alien teachers to our
> boys and girls, that the alien race is superior to the Negro race, is an
> insult to the Negro people of the world."
> "Where Negroes form a part of the citizenry of any country, and pass
> the civil service examination of such country, we declare them entitled
> to the same consideration as other citizens as to appointments in such
> civil service."
> "We vigorously protest against the increasingly unfair and unjust
> treatment accorded Negro travelers on land and sea by the agents and
> employees of railroad and steamship companies and insist that for equal
> fare
> we receive equal privileges with travelers of other races."
> "We declare it unjust for any country, State or nation to enact laws
> tending to hinder and obstruct the free immigration of Negroes on account
> of their race and color."
> "That the right of the Negro to travel unmolested throughout the world
> be not abridged by any person or persons, and all Negroes are called
> upon to give aid to a fellow Negro when thus molested."
> "We declare that all Negroes are entitled to the same right to travel
> over the world as other men."
> "We hereby demand that the governments of the world recognize our
> leader and his representatives chosen by the race to look after the
> welfare
> of our people under such governments."
> "We demand complete control of our social institutions without
> interference by any alien race or races."
> "That the colors, Red, Black and Green, be the colors of the Negro
> race."
> Resolved, That the anthem 'Ethiopia, Thou Land of Our Fathers', etc.,
> shall be the anthem of the Negro race. The Universal Ethiopian Anthem
> "We believe that any limited liberty which deprives one of the complete
> rights and prerogatives of full citizenship is but a modified form of
> slavery."
> "We declare it an injustice to our people and a serious impediment to
> the health of the race to deny to competent licensed Negro physicians
> the right to practise in the public hospitals of the communities in which
> they reside, for no other reason than their race and color."
> "We call upon the various governments of the world to accept and
> acknowledge Negro representatives who shall be sent to the said
> governments
> to represent the general welfare of the Negro peoples of the world."
> "We deplore and protest against the practice of confining juvenile
> prisoners in prisons with adults, and we recommend that such youthful
> prisoners be taught gainful trades under humane supervision."
> "Be it further resolved, that we as a race of people declare the League
> of Nations null and void as far as the Negro is concerned, in that it
> seeks to deprive Negroes of their liberty."
> "We demand of all men to do unto us as we would do unto them, in the
> name of justice; and we cheerfully accord to all men all the rights we
> claim herein for ourselves."
> "We declare that no Negro shall engage himself in battle for an alien
> race without first obtaining the consent of the leader of the Negro
> people of the world, except in a matter of national self-defense."
> "We protest against the practice of drafting Negroes and sending them
> to war with alien forces without proper training, and demand in all
> cases that Negro soldiers be given the same training as the aliens."
> "We demand that instructions given Negro children in schools include
> the subject of 'Negro History', to their benefit."
> "We demand a free and unfettered commercial intercourse with all the
> Negro people of the world."
> "We declare for the absolute freedom of the seas for all peoples."
> "We demand that our duly accredited representatives be given proper
> recognition in all leagues, conferences, conventions or courts of
> international arbitration wherever human rights are discussed."
> "We proclaim the 31st day of August of each year to be an international
> holiday to be observed by all Negroes."
> "We want all men to know we shall maintain and contend for the freedom
> and equality of every man, woman and child of our race, with our lives,
> our fortunes and our sacred honor."
> These rights we believe to be justly ours and proper for the protection
> of the Negro race at large, and because of this belief we, on behalf of
> the four hundred million Negroes of the world, do pledge herein the
> sacred blood of the race in defense, and we hereby subscribe our names as
> a guarantee of the truthfulness and faithfulness hereof in the presence
> of Almighty God, on the 13th day of August, in the year of our Lord one
> thousand nine hundred and twenty."
>
> _________________________________________________________________
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