Sidebeh, makes three of us (including Conteh) and at this rate, the crook is
going to be out of business very soon. I was told he was part of the
deligation that accompanied Yaya Jammeh is his last wasting of our resources
in the US with that crook in Sillah Bai and company.
Chi Jaama
Joe Sambou
>From: Momodou S Sidibeh <[log in to unmask]>
>Reply-To: The Gambia and related-issues mailing list
><[log in to unmask]>
>To: [log in to unmask]
>Subject: Re: The Gambian Dalasi-LEKBI
>Date: Fri, 6 Feb 2004 18:32:41 +0100
>
>Joe,
>
>You can say that again about Taff Construction. On a number of occasions
>browsing the net for Taff's houses at Yundum and Brufut layouts with
>visiting friends, we could not belief the price tags attached to these
>houses.
>
>(See: http://www.tafgambia.com/estate-perspective-brufut.htm)
>
>A Zeinab at Brufut with a total floor area just under 500 square meters
>(with three bedrooms) goes for an incredible Euro127,000 which is a
>whopping
>1.15 million Swedish Crowns which is more than D4,000,000.
>
>I supposed these prices are especially for us diasporans and other foreign
>speculators as the prices are not even quoted in dalasi. In subsequent
>discussions around these houses and their price tags, we figured that
>buying
>one is not a mere purchase. One simultaneouly pays for the surrounding
>infrastructure: the sewage system, water and electricity (plus poles and
>cables), the paved streets, the community market, mosque and school, and
>the
>labour and materials that went into erecting these.
>During the colonial days, the European administrators stole the tax money
>paid by Africans to upgrade the infrastructure around their side of town,
>while the African majority remained in their mud and thatch huts without
>utilities or decent roads or paved streets. It was Apartheid economics
>everywhere. Kenya is a shining example!
>I supposed that is still the order of things except that roles have changed
>unrecognisably; and that we our so-called educated selves can still throw
>in
>endless explanations apolgising for this "natural order of things".
>True, entrepreneurs like Mustapha Njie are important in our countries and
>need our support. On the other hand, we have business people who are only
>too eager to tie corruptive knots with politicans in power, feeding on a
>bleeding economy for private, opportunistic gain.
>
>The role of entrepreneurs at the very least needs to be to cater for the
>needs of average Gambians and against politicians-turned-businessmen and
>against vampiric pricing of their products.
>
>Sidibeh
>
>.----- Original Message -----
>From: "Joe Sambou" <[log in to unmask]>
>To: <[log in to unmask]>
>Sent: Friday, February 06, 2004 4:31 PM
>Subject: Re: The Gambian Dalasi-LEKBI
>
>
> > Conteh, thanks for your response. You said:
> >
> > "But the reality of the issue is that if every seller values his or her
> > sales price in dollars or pounds sterling, the direct consequence is a
>lack
> > of confidence in the dalasi. Within a short-run, the dalasi will
>devalue
> > because there is less demand for it."
> >
> > Yes, you are right, "IF", every seller does that it will impact the
>dalasi.
> > However, I think we have to take this situation in context and that not
>many
> > sellers will do that, for their target is the locals for the most part.
> > Conteh, please don't underestimate market forces. When the market is
>not
> > manipulated, it will do its magic. Taf knows that the overwhelming
>majority
> > of locals cannot afford his houses in dalasis, let alone in dollars.
>What
>I
> > believe Taf is doing here is to target you and I, diasporans and other
> > foreigners for his pitch. Like every market, you need a willing buyer
>and
>a
> > willing seller. In that case, Taf can only make a sale if you and I
>bought
> > into his pitch. We do not even need to discuss this issue with Taf,
>the
> > market will take care of him. Thanks for your thoughts.
> >
> > Chi Jaama
> >
> > Joe Sambou
> >
> > >From: Jassey Conteh <[log in to unmask]>
> > >Reply-To: Jassey Conteh <[log in to unmask]>
> > >To: [log in to unmask]
> > >Subject: Re: The Gambian Dalasi-LEKBI
> > >Date: Thu, 5 Feb 2004 20:29:44 -0500
> > >
> > >Mr. Sambou:
> > >
> > >Okay, your analysis takes the form of market forces. I have no problem
> > >with that. But the reality of the issue is that if every seller
>values
> > >his or her sales price in dollars or pounds sterling, the direct
>conseqence
> > >is a lack of confidence in the dalasi. Within a short-run, the dalasi
>will
> > >devalue because there is less demand for it.
> > >
> > >We must understand that the functional currency is the dalasi. Have
>you
> > >ever seen any product sold in the U.S. denominated in any currency
>other
> > >than the U.S. Dollar? The prevailing issue is that the Gambian dalasi
>is
> > >the functional currency. If we disregard the Gambian dalasi at the
>selling
> > >point, we are directly inferring our lack of confidence in the
>currency.
> > >
> > >The Ministry of Finance should encourage merchants to denominate their
> > >selling prices in dalasi. Though market forces might prevail, our
> > >objective is to have confidence in our functional currency, which is
>the
> > >dalasi.
> > >
> > >Naphiyo,
> > >M.L. J. Conteh
> > >
> > >-----Original Message-----
> > >From: Joe Sambou <[log in to unmask]>
> > >Sent: Feb 5, 2004 2:55 PM
> > >To: [log in to unmask]
> > >Subject: Re: The Gambian Dalasi-LEKBI
> > >
> > >Conteh, thanks for your response. I believe you are using the US model
>of
> > >valuing the components of the sale of a home, such as crime stats.,
>average
> > >value of homes in the neighborhood, etc. That does not apply in
>Gambia,
> > >for
> > >if I had it, I can build a $500,000 house in my old neighborhood with
>no
> > >problems. That is what is rife in Gambia - A high-rise right next to a
> > >reed
> > >house and none is jealous of the other. I still do not see any problem
>of
> > >Taf recognizing revenue in Dollars or Dalasis for a particular sale.
>The
> > >government will get its cut in taxes, no matter the currency, so,
>what's
> > >the
> > >problem.
> > >
> > >"If you live in Brufut and you are are farmer, my dear question is, can
>you
> > >afford to buy a house from Taff at such ridiculous price? Taff and
>others
> > >are part of the devaluation of the dalasi. If we can logically value
>cost
> > >incurred in building a house, it will reveal how Taff is robbing the
> > >Gambian
> > >people."
> > >
> > >Conteh, let the market dictate the outcome. I cannot afford a lot of
> > >things, should that be a concern for sellers of the things I can't
>afford?
> > >I think that's a weak defense for the poor. Have you heard "cut your
>coat
> > >according to your size"? If a farmer in Brufut can only afford a
>$5,000
> > >house, then that is what he should build. However, if the farmer is
> > >willing
> > >to establish a mortgage agreement with Taf, I think that is the
>farmer's
> > >problem to solve.
> > >
> > >As to your cost accounting/manufacturing analyses, it does not apply to
> > >Gambia. If Taf over price his houses, the market will drive him to
>sanity
> > >when his homes are over taken by weeds for lack of offers. You saw
>what
> > >Taf
> > >was offering and walked past it without buying, so would I and many
>others.
> > >However, if someone decides to ignore the going rate and buys a $12,000
> > >house from Taf for $120,000, then the joke is on the buyer. Besides
>there
> > >are plenty of contractors that Gambians can go to, and Taf is not
>putting
>a
> > >gun to their head.
> > >
> > >Regarding Taf taking land illegally from the good folks of Brufut, I
>agree
> > >that was robbery aided by the government and is wrong and they should
>be
> > >compensated accordingly. Did you think to bring that up with Mafy
>Jarjy
>or
> > >S.M. Dibba during your recent trip? :-)! Just kidding.
> > >
> > >"Now, Mr. Sambou, at what price should this house be? Did cost of
>goods
> > >(house) sold equal $60,000? I can bet my life it is probably less than
> > >$10,000. Why should this house be sold at $120,000? Only a fool will
>buy
> > >this house at such a rediculous price. Taf is robbing Gambians. No
>wonder
> > >the Dalasi continues to slide."
> > >
> > >Yes, indeed only a fool will buy the house at $120,000, but you have to
>let
> > >the fools make that decision - willing seller and a willing buyer =
>Market.
> > >Sale price is nothing but a meeting of the minds of the seller and
>buyer
>as
> > >long as each receive consideration in the process - give up something
>to
> > >receive something. Now, how does this devalue the Dalasi? I still
>cannot
> > >see it. Thanks for your thoughts.
> > >
> > >Chi Jaama
> > >
> > >Joe Sambou
> > >
> > >
> > > >From: Jassey Conteh <[log in to unmask]>
> > > >Reply-To: Jassey Conteh <[log in to unmask]>
> > > >To: [log in to unmask]
> > > >Subject: Re: The Gambian Dalasi-LEKBI
> > > >Date: Wed, 4 Feb 2004 10:51:13 -0500
> > > >
> > > >Mr. Sambou:
> > > >
> > > >Taff is selling his houses in US Dollars and not in Gambian Dalasis.
>The
> > > >realization point is that when a sale takes place, Taff wants to
> > >recognize
> > > >revenue in Dollars and not in Gambian Dalasis.
> > > >
> > > >One disturbing thing is that Taff builds houses in areas with average
> > >book
> > > >value of no more than $2,000. Please be aware that these houses are
> > >built
> > > >around native Gambians with income of less than $1,000 per year. How
>are
> > > >houses and other tangible properties priced? Are they not valued at
>the
> > > >aggregate or average market rates of other properties around. Crime,
> > > >income level, and other unities are equated also. One thing that we
>have
> > > >to understand and realize is that this may in fact bring resentment
> > >because
> > > >of disappropriate distribution of wealth.
> > > >
> > > >If you live in Brufut and you are are farmer, my dear question is,
>can
> > >you
> > > >afford to buy a house from Taff at such rediculous price? Taff and
> > >others
> > > >are part of the devaluation of the dalasi. If we can logically value
> > >cost
> > > >incurred in building a house, it will reveal how Taff is robbing the
> > > >Gambian people.
> > > >
> > > > 1. Raw materials--where were they purchased and what price?
> > > > 2. + Direct labor--cost incurred and paid to Gambian workers in
> > > >Gambian Dalasi
> > > > 3. + Manufacturing overhead allocated--based on either
>predetermined
> > > >raw material costs or direct labor costs
> > > > = Total manufacturing costs incurred for current period
> > > > + Beginning work-in-process
> > > > = Total manufacturing cost accounted for
> > > > Less ending work-in-process
> > > > = Cost of Goods manufactured
> > > >
> > > >Now, I will transfer these cost to finished goods inventory:
> > > >
> > > > Beginning finished goods inventory
> > > > + Cost of Goods (houses) manufactured
> > > > = Cost of Goods (house) available for sale
> > > > - Finished Goods inventory
> > > > = Cost of Goods (house) Sold
> > > >
> > > > Note that Taff is not paying a dime for the land. This land
>was
> > > >forcefully taken from poor farmers and Taff
> > > > is running and smiling with greed. Taff is a culprit.
> > > >
> > > >Now, Mr. Sambou, at what price should this house be? Did cost of
>goods
> > > >(house) sold equal $60,000? I can bet my life it is probably less
>than
> > > >$10,000. Why should this house be sold at $120,000? Only a fool
>will
> > >buy
> > > >this house at such a rediculous price. Taff is robbing Gambians. No
> > > >wonder the Dalasi continues to slide.
> > > >
> > > >Naphiyo,
> > > >Muhammad Lamine J. Conteh
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >-----Original Message-----
> > > >From: Joe Sambou <[log in to unmask]>
> > > >Sent: Feb 3, 2004 7:52 PM
> > > >To: [log in to unmask]
> > > >Subject: Re: The Gambian Dalasi-LEKBI
> > > >
> > > >Mr. Conteh, could it be that the favored currencies of the Pound and
> > >Dollar
> > > >are targeted for folks living abroad/tourists? Are you saying that
>these
> > > >foreign currencies are demanded from local customers? More so, if
> > > >government and a small circle of crooks are gobbling the foreign
> > >currencies
> > > >in the country, how would the tourist industry earn foreign currency,
> > > >especially when their services are sold to foreigners/outsiders?
>Should
> > > >the
> > > >commercial banks get a monopoly of foreign currencies in the country?
> > >What
> > > >does that do for the country, that the hotel owner will not doing?
> > > >
> > > >In the case of Taf, let's say I decided to buy one of his houses,
>coming
> > > >from the US, at $300,000, can't I buy the house by giving Taf that
>amount
> > > >straight from my pocket, in dollars, or do I have to give that money
>to
> > >the
> > > >bank and then turn around and pay Taf in Dalasis, just for Taf to rub
> > > >shoulders with Government and other insiders to get to the same
>dollars
> > > >from
> > > >the bank, in order to buy his materials in foreign markets? I highly
> > >doubt
> > > >that Taf is looking to locals to sell in Pounds/Dollars, and if that
>is
> > >the
> > > >case, then market forces will wake him up to sanity. As a consumer,
>I
> > >will
> > > >be a fool to buy a house from Taf in dollars at inflated prices. If
> > > >anything, I will be buying that house at a discount for providing him
> > > >foreign currency. I'm talking the language of market forces here.
>Just
> > > >looking at the same issue from a different perspective.
> > > >
> > > >Chi Jaama
> > > >
> > > >Joe Sambou
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > >From: Jassey Conteh <[log in to unmask]>
> > > > >Reply-To: Jassey Conteh <[log in to unmask]>
> > > > >To: [log in to unmask]
> > > > >Subject: Re: The Gambian Dalasi-LEKBI
> > > > >Date: Tue, 3 Feb 2004 11:23:14 -0800
> > > > >
> > > > >Comrades:
> > > > >
> > > > >The functional currency is the domestic currency relative to
> > > >international
> > > > >financial transactions, particularly when these goods and services
>are
> > > > >produced and marketed in the domestic market. It is the hope that
> > > >entities
> > > > >in the Gambia are engaged in business to sell their goods and
>services
> > >to
> > > > >their respecitive customers. It also the hope that these entities
> > > > >formulate strategic costs incurred that do not exceed benefits
>derived
> > > >from
> > > > >their money measure approaches. These entities should record their
> > >sale
> > > > >prices denominated in the Gambian Dalasi.
> > > > >
> > > > >It is thus practical and economically sound that entities in the
>Gambia
> > > > >follow the realization principle of pricing their goods and
>services
> > > > >denominated in the Gambian Dalasi. One patriotic duty is that it
> > > > >illustrates confidence in the Gambian Dalasi.
> > > > >
> > > > >Analyzation principle, which consists of both financial and
> > >nonfinancial
> > > > >data entails, for example, market surveys. These surveys may
>affirm
> > > > >customer tastes and preferences. If one successfully pinpoints
> > >customers
> > > > >tastes and
> > > > >preferences; direct materials or services, direct labor and
> > > > >manufacturing/service overhead allocated are valued as production
> > >costs.
> > > > >My question is, did the entities in the Gambia pay their Gambian
> > >workers
> > > >in
> > > > >foreign currencies? No! These costs were paid in the Gambian
>Dalasi,
> > > >even
> > > > >if raw materials were purchased internationally. A case in point
>is
> > >that
> > > >a
> > > > >pro forma statement is prepared by a bank prior to a purchase of
> > >foreign
> > > > >goods, and that the purchaser pays invoice prices directly to a
>Gambian
> > > > >bank. It is categorically true that these entities are not
>directly
> > > >paying
> > > > >the foreign seller. It is also true that Gambian banks
>denominanate
> > >the
> > > > >Gambian Dalasi as the money measure amount owed to a foreign
>seller.
> > > > >
> > > > >When total manufacturing or service costs are valued, the notion is
> > >that
> > > > >the entity hopes to make a profit. In this regard, realization
> > >principle
> > > > >takes form when a sale or purchase is made. Realization principle
>is
> > > > >defined as the point of sale or purchase, from which a transaction
>is
> > > >first
> > > > >recorded in the book of original entry called the general journal.
>Are
> > > > >entities in the Gambia recording their transactions in foreign
> > > >currencies?
> > > > >I hope not! If this is true, then the Dalasi will continue to
>devalue
> > >at
> > > >a
> > > > >significant rate.
> > > > >
> > > > >Even if an entity that is located in the Gambia is a subsidiary of
>a
> > > >parent
> > > > >headquartered in a foreign country, asset = liabilities + owners'
> > >equity
> > > > >should be measured in the Gambian Dalasi; thus affirming that at
>point
> > >of
> > > > >sale these transactions should be recorded at historical value.
>This
> > > > >affirms the notion that assets recorded at historical
> > > > >values assert that inflation is temporary and that changes in
>prices
> > >are
> > > > >minimal. But if the entity chooses to ignore its funcitional
>currency,
> > > >its
> > > > >is directly affirming its lack of confidence in its own domestic
> > > >currency.
> > > > >
> > > > >Foreign currency adjustments in the form of comprehensive income
>will
> > >not
> > > > >be necessitated by an entity such as
> > > > >Taff. The principle is further affirmed that the only entity
>making
> > > > >foreign currency translation adjustments should be the Central Bank
>of
> > > >the
> > > > >Gambia. A subsidiary entity located in the Gambia plays no active
>role
> > > >in
> > > > >the determination of asset = liabilities + owners' equity on a
> > > > >consolidated basis. Do we even have such entities? No. Why?
>Because
> > > > >policies enacted or lack of sound fiscal policies are cultivating
> > > >negative
> > > > >trends in the viability of the Gambian's economic output. This
>policy
> > > > >should be above politics because it directly affects every Gambian.
> > > > >
> > > > >A note of caution is that since we have numerous merchandises and
>hotel
> > > > >industries in the Gambia, why should a price at point of sale be
> > > > >denominated in the U.S. Dollar and the British Pound Sterling?
>Does
> > >this
> > > > >signal that these entities have no trust in the Gambian Dalasi?
>Why
> > > >should
> > > > >one pay Taff Real Estate foreign currencies at realization point of
> > > > >obtaining property? Does Taff have authority directly selling
>foreign
> > > > >currencies to respective foreign governments? Is Taff Real Estate
>now
> > > >the
> > > > >Central Bank of the Gambia?
> > > > >
> > > > >Are other Gambian entities also directly selling those foreign
> > >currencies
> > > > >with respective foreign governments? I state emphatically that
>this
>is
> > > > >totally impossible. Are these entities mediating as the Central
>Bank
> > >of
> > > > >The Gambia? No. If this is in the affirmative, then we have a
>fiscal
> > > > >crisis in the Gambia. Are these entities deposing their daily
> > > >transactions
> > > > >denominated in the Gambian Dalasi with commercial banks in the
>Gambia?
> > >I
> > > > >concur affirmatively.
> > > > >
> > > > >A case in point is that the Gambia Central Bank is the intermediary
>of
> > > > >foreign currency sales between affected foreign governments. Is
>this
> > >not
> > > > >of sound fiscal policy that our house be in order. This in my
> > > > >interpretation should be above politics. I practically and
>sincerely
> > > > >affirm constructive engagement. The APRC government should change
> > >course
> > > > >and listen to its critics. We all have stakes in the Gambia, and
>thus
> > >it
> > > > >is prudent that the realization principle not be violated by these
> > > >entities
> > > > >and the Gambian government.
> > > > >
> > > > >Naphiyo,
> > > > >Muhammad Lamine J. Conteh
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >-----Original Message-----
> > > > >From: Abdoul Njie <[log in to unmask]>
> > > > >Sent: Feb 3, 2004 11:52 AM
> > > > >To: [log in to unmask]
> > > > >Subject: Re: The Gambian Dalasi-LEKBI
> > > > >
> > > > >Mr. Jasseh,
> > > > >
> > > > >At your convenience, for those of us who are not savy in the fields
>of
> > > > >accounting and financing, could you kindly elaborate on the
>realization
> > > > >principle( Revenue Recogniton Principle) and the effect such
>practices
> > > > >have
> > > > >on the devaluation of the Gambian Dalasi?
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >Welcome back and hope you had a wonderful time.
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >As always to You- BEST REGARDS,
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >Ablie Njie- Lekbi
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >Best Regards,
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >Ablie Njie0- Lekbi
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > >From: Jassey Conteh <[log in to unmask]>
> > > > > >Reply-To: Jassey Conteh <[log in to unmask]>
> > > > > >To: [log in to unmask]
> > > > > >Subject: The Gambian Dalasi
> > > > > >Date: Tue, 3 Feb 2004 10:12:29 -0500
> > > > > >
> > > > > >Comrades:
> > > > > >
> > > > > >I was just checking around and noticed that hotels, taff's real
> > >estate
> > > > >and
> > > > > >other
> > > > > >entities in the Gambia are denominating their respective sales
>prices
> > > >in
> > > > > >the U.S.
> > > > > >and the British Pound Sterling. This should be stopped by the
> > >Ministry
> > > > >of
> > > > > >Finance
> > > > > >because it has contributed to the devaluation of the Gambian
>Dalais.
> > > > > >
> > > > > >Since these entities are located in the Gambia, both the revenue
>and
> > > > > >expenditure
> > > > > >measurements state that the domestic currency should be the
> > >functional
> > > > > >currency
> > > > > >for the realization principle. I hope the Ministry of Finance
>takes
> > >a
> > > > > >serious look
> > > > > >at the lack of confidence that these entities are contributing to
>the
> > > > > >economic stability of
> > > > > >the Gambia.
> > > > > >
> > > > > >Naphiyo,
> > > > > >Comrade M. Lamine J. Conteh
> > > > > >
> > > > > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > > > >To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to:
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> > > > > >Web interface
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> > > > > >
> > > > > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > > >
> > > > >_________________________________________________________________
> > > > >What are the 5 hot job markets for 2004? Click here to find out.
> > > >
> > >
> >http://msn.careerbuilder.com/Custom/MSN/CareerAdvice/WPI_WhereWillWeFindJob
>sIn2004.htm?siteid=CBMSN3006&sc_extcmp=JS_wi08_dec03_hotmail1
> > > > >
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> > > > >
> > > > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > > >To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to:
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> > > > >at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html
> > > > >
> > > > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > >
> > > >_________________________________________________________________
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> > > >
> > > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > >To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to:
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> > > >To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the
>Gambia-L
> > > >Web interface
> > > >at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html
> > > >
> > > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > >
> > > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > > >To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to:
> > > >http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l
> > > >To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to:
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> > > >To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the
>Gambia-L
> > > >Web interface
> > > >at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html
> > > >
> > > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > >
> > >_________________________________________________________________
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> > >
> > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > >To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to:
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> > >To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to:
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> > >
> > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > >
> > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > >To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to:
> > >http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l
> > >To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to:
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> > >To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the
>Gambia-L
> > >Web interface
> > >at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html
> > >
> > >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> >
> > _________________________________________________________________
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> > ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to:
>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l
> > To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to:
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> > To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the
>Gambia-L
>Web interface
> > at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html
> >
> > ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
>
>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
>To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to:
>http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l
>To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to:
>[log in to unmask]
>
>To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the Gambia-L
>Web interface
>at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html
>
>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_________________________________________________________________
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/CGI/wa.exe?S1=gambia-l
To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to:
[log in to unmask]
To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the Gambia-L Web interface
at: http://maelstrom.stjohns.edu/archives/gambia-l.html
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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