Sunspot cycle may be a 'dud'
http://www.shns.com/shns/g_index2.cfm?action=detail&pk=SUNSPOTCYCLE-05-19-08

By DAN SORENSON
Arizona Daily Star
2008-05-19 00:00:00

TUCSON, Ariz. -- Many solar scientists expected the new sunspot cycle to 
be a whopper, a prolonged solar tantrum that could fry satellites and 
raise hell with earthly communications, the power grid and modern 
electronics.

But there's scant proof Sunspot Cycle 24 is even here, let alone the 
debut of big trouble.

So far there have been just a couple minor pimples on the face of the 
sun to suggest the old cycle is over and the new one is coming.

The roughly 11-year cycle of sunspot activity should have bottomed out 
last year, the end of Cycle 23 and the beginning of Cycle 24. That would 
have put the peak in new sunspot activity around 2012.

But a dud sunspot cycle would not necessarily make it a boring period, 
especially for two solar scientists with the Tucson-based National Solar 
Observatory.

Two years ago, William Livingston and Matt Penn wrote a paper for the 
journal Science predicting that this could not only be a dud sunspot 
cycle, but the start of another extended down period in solar activity. 
It was based on their analysis of weakening sunspot intensity and said 
sunspots might vanish by 2015.

And here's the punch line: That last long-term down period, 1645-1715, 
coincided with the Little Ice Age, a period of bitter cold winters.

That kind of talk could ruffle some feathers in this time of climate 
change and global warming, starring man-made carbon dioxide as the devil.

The paper, rejected in peer review, was never published by Science. 
Livingston said he's OK with the rejection.

"I accept what the reviewers said," Livingston said. "'If you are going 
to make such statements, you had better have strong evidence.' "

Livingston said their projections were based on observations of a trend 
in decreasingly powerful sunspots but reviewers felt it was merely a 
statistical argument.

He is aware that some opponents of the prevailing position that climate 
change and global warming are the result of manmade activity -- 
greenhouse gas, specifically carbon dioxide, buildup -- are very much 
interested in the idea that changes might be related to solar activity.

"But it has not been proven yet," cautioned Livingston, an astronomer 
emeritus who still works out of an office at the National Optical 
Astronomy Observatory headquarters building on the University of Arizona 
campus.

"We may have to wait. We may be wrong. (But) the sun is going to 
entertain us one way or another," he said.

It's not just a scientific curiosity. There's a lot at stake in 
predicting whether sunspot cycles are going to be tame or wild, said 
Matt Penn of the National Solar Observatory.

The powerful blasts of radiation that come from solar activity can fry 
electronic equipment on Earth; particularly vulnerable are satellites.

The high-energy radiation produced by solar flares travels at near the 
speed of light, getting to Earth in just minutes.

But the magnetic effects of a solar flare can take between two and three 
days to reach Earth, said Penn, a solar scientist.

In the 1800s, magnetic blasts from intense solar activity induced 
currents in telegraph lines in the U.S. and Italy, starting fires and 
damaging equipment. Later, it was learned that solar activity affected 
radio transmission.

It can also affect the electrical-power grid. A solar tantrum in 1989 
blew transformers and caused a blackout in Canada. And a number of 
satellites are thought to have failed from exposure to high-energy 
blasts from solar activity.

Satellite operators can turn them away or shut down vulnerable equipment 
aboard, and astronauts can use shielding to avoid those blasts.

If Cycle 24 is the big cycle predicted, Penn said, "it's likely we'll 
have geomagnetic storms with a lot of sunspots, a lot of flares on the sun."

Penn said even so-called "quiet sun" periods are far from boring because 
the sun's "surface consists of Texas-sized hot gas bubbles, which rise 
upward at a speed of about a mile per second. The gas cools and falls 
downward in narrower channels at about the same speed. That's what we 
call the 'quiet sun.'"