<<Disclaimer: Verify this information before applying it to your situation.>>

Dear Listmembers:
      The following, "CELIAC, A SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM _*NOT*_ A DISEASE
Update 3.8", is a considerably updated (contains additional supporting
information and clarifications) version of the "SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM"
version posted to this layman Celiac List Service 1997 February 15.

      Herein, text style is indicated by bounding the text with
indicators as:
            *italic text*
            _*italic underlined text*_
            _underlined text_

      If you would like to receive a Microsoft Word 6 formatted version
of the following "CELIAC, A SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM _*NOT*_ A DISEASE
Update 3.8" as a .DOC file attachment to an email to you, send an email
to me with the Subject thereof being:

            Request Word 6 formatted CSISND



   CELIAC, A SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM _*NOT*_ A DISEASE
                        Update 3.8

1998 September 22 email

Copyright (C) 1997, 1998 ARTHUR L. HIRDLER. All Rights Reserved.
6416 Community Drive, Houston, Texas  77005-3519, USA
Telephone: 1-713-667-5858    E-mail: <[log in to unmask]>

EDITIONS: [Titled, SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM; original 1997 February 15
e-mail; Updates: 1) 1997 April 14 e-mail, 2) 1997 April 18 print, 3)
1998 February 14 print, 3.5) 1998 February 22 print, 3.6) 1998 February
28 print, 3.7) 1998 September 18 print], [Titled, CELIAC, A SUPERIOR
IMMUNE SYSTEM _*NOT*_ A DISEASE; 3.8) 1998 September 22 print]

Vertical bars in left margin indicate lines with differences from Update
3.7.
___________________
Notes
      1. This writing is the opinion of Arthur L. Hirdler and is not
necessarily the opinion of any organization or other individual.  All
information which you apply should be confirmed to your own
satisfaction.
      2. Braces, {}, denote replacing an original text, for clarity
and/or to use a layman term(s).
      3. Words followed by [df] are also in the Definitions section.
___________________
Key Words
adenovirus, age, agriculture, amino, ancestors, ancient, antibody,
antigen, antigliadin, atherosclerosis, beans, beverage, biochemistry,
biological makeup, bronchitis, calcium, calories, cancer, casein,
cavities, Celiac, childbearing, civilization, coffee, corn, Cro-Magnon,
Denmark, dental, diabetes, diverticulosis, DNA, E1b, emphysema, England,
Europe, farm, forage, fossil, gene, genetic, Germany, glacier, gliadin,
gluten, Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy, hearing, heritage, height,
histocompatibility, HLA Class II, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens, honey,
hormone, hunters and gatherers, hypertension, immigration, industrial,
inherit, Ireland, lactase, lactose, malaria, meat, menarche,
menstruation, MIF, milk, minerals, mosquito, Neanderthals, Near East,
neuroactive, neurochemical, neuroleptic, neuropathy, neuroses, noise,
nontropical, nutrition, obesity, osteoporosis, Paleolithic, parasite,
peptide, physiology, pituitary, plasticity, Poland, polio,
postmenopausal, prairies, protein, psychoses, rice, Russia, salt,
saturated fat, savanna, Scandinavia, schizophrenia, Sprue, sugar,
Superior Immune System, tea, tomatoes, toxicity, United States,
vitamins, water, wheat, wild game, woodlands
___________________
Proem
      In the United States of America people are presumed innocent from
wrong doing until proven otherwise.  The same should apply to the
functionings of one's body.
                               by Arthur L. Hirdler, 1997 April
___________________
Foreword
      At the 1994 September meeting of the Houston Celiac-Sprue Support
Group, Chapter No. 25, Celiac Sprue Association United States of
America, Inc. (CSA/USA), but not during its official proceedings, I
first expressed to others that through literature [1-13] I had read I
had concluded that the Celiac Condition (referred to in some literature
as: Celiac Disease, Celiac Sprue, Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy,
nontropical sprue) was actually an ancient SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM
reacting to a suspected invader, and that said SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM
evolved to protect humans against certain dangerous and/or deadly
organisms.  Subsequent to said 1994 September meeting was received
additional information [14-28] (Reference 14 obtained 1998 February 10)
which supports the Celiac SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM claim.
___________________
Claims and Supports
      The Celiac Condition is a SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM in action.  The
Celiac SUPERIOR IMMUNE SYSTEM defends against some organisms for which
most non-Celiacs lack defense.  The human genes which manifest the
Celiac Condition were probably in the vast majority of humans, before
gluten containing foods became much of a part of the human meal, and
helped many humans stay alive.  "{A}griculture ... is only 10,000 years
old, ... industrial manufacturing ... is only about 200 years old[.]
...  100,000 generations of humans have been hunters and gatherers; 500
generations have been agriculturalists; [and] ten have lived in the
industrial age[.] ...  Hunting and gathering was the context in which
humans evolved[.] ...  {B}efore agriculture ... 100 percent of ...
people alive were subsisting as hunters and gatherers" [14].  "Fully 99
percent of our genetic heritage dates from the period before our
ancestors became human (and of the {remaining 1 percent}, 99 percent
dates from before the development of agriculture [That is, only 0.0001,
one-thousandth, of our genes appeared since "the development of
agriculture" "10,000 years ago".]).  ...  ONLY 1 PERCENT of
our biological makeup has APPEARED SINCE 7 MILLION YEARS AGO...
That the vast majority of our genes are ancient in origin means that
nearly all our biochemistry and physiology are fine-tuned to conditions
of life that existed before 10,000 years ago" [14].
      "There are, however, some simple genetic changes that are known to
have taken place within the last 10,000 years, as a response to
agriculture.  ...  The mosquito-borne malaria parasite had been there
all along; it had afflicted individual hunters and gatherers much the
way it did the agriculturalists who followed.  But only after people
began living in dense, settled populations, with abundant water sources
suitable for mosquito breeding, did it become possible for the malaria
parasite to infect and kill in large numbers.  Somewhere, probably in
the Arabian Peninsula or along the west coast of India, however, a
simple genetic change took place, affording individuals a significant
degree of protection.  ...  These carriers of hemoglobin S were better
able to resist malaria and so left more offspring, passing the altered
gene on to subsequent generations.  WITHIN A FEW THOUSAND YEARS ...
this genetic adaptation had spread around the Indian Ocean, across the
breadth of Africa, and into the southern Mediterranean.  ...  Another
simple genetic change that seems to have occurred during the last 10,000
years is the persistence into adulthood of lactase[.] ...  [Said change]
arose through natural selection in populations with long traditions of
herding cattle, goats, yaks, camels, or horses" [14].  "Lactose
intolerance ... affects between 70 [(seventy)] and 90 [(ninety)] percent
of African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and people who come from
around the Mediterranean.  ...  {P}eople of central and western European
descent and the Fulani of West Africa, typically have no problem
drinking milk as adults.  ...  That kind of adaptation takes many
centuries to become established" [28].  "A limited number of other
single-gene changes (... possibly the capacity to tolerate GLUTEN,
the major wheat protein) are generally recognized by geneticists and
anthropologists" [14].  If only "a few thousand years" were needed for
the malaria resistant "genetic adaptation" to spread due to periodic
malaria outbreaks, and if only "many centuries" were needed for the
"lactose intolerance ... adaptation ... to become established", then the
genetic gluten-tolerant adaptation would have taken less time to spread
and become predominant, which it is, where gluten containing foods were
consumed _DAILY_.  Some other civilization (settlement) related
conditions (such as some stated herein) and/or deaths may
have additionally negatively impacted the passage of ancient gluten
intolerant genes.  New agriculture (including herding, animal husbandry)
related foods (coffee; all grains, including rice and corn; milk; sugar;
tea; and/or et cetera) may have parts ("protein" "peptide" "sequences")
which may have been and still are wrecking many humans.  There have been
"reports of behavior-modifying activities in gliadin proteins".
"{A}mino acid sequences similar to those of established neuroactive
peptides" have been found "in the primary structure of A-GLIADIN, a
purified gliadin protein from wheat flour" and "in (si-CASEIN, the
major protein in cow's milk."  "This sequence is similar to that of
melanocyte-stimulating-hormone-release-inhibiting factor (MIF)".  "The
pharmacologic properties of MIF can provide a reasonable biologic
mechanism for the postulated toxicity of wheat-derived and milk-derived
peptides in schizophrenia", and possibly also in other biochemical
neuropathy, neuroses, and/or psychoses.  "MIF, in addition to its
inhibitory effects on (-melanocyte-stimulating-hormone release by the
pituitary [? hypopituitarism], enhances dopaminergic activity in the
central nervous system of animals after administration by a variety of
routs, including the oral route.  MIF antagonizes[df] both the
behavioral and the neurochemical effects of neuroleptic drugs in
animals" [25].  "It is therefore possible that not only does gluten
react with and damage the intestinal mucosa in patients with celiac
disease, but in certain susceptible individuals GLUTEN may interfere
with the normal biological processes in the brain" [26].  "{A}mong
patients with neurological dysfunction of unknown cause" "{w}e found a
high frequency (57%)" [thereof with] "antigliadin antibodies".  "The
frequency of coeliac disease within the same group[, "patients with
neurological dysfunction of unknown cause",] was at least 16%, which is
FORTY TIMES HIGHER than that in studies of symptom-free
individuals[, the declared normal population]" [27].  [Do you feel
anxiety, arthritic, claustrophobic, concentration deprived, confusion,
delusional, depressed, detached, frustration, hallucinative, hysteric,
irritable, melancholic, mood swings, nervous, paranoid, phobic,
stressed, and/or et cetera?  Could parts of said new agricultural
related foods be the culprit(s)?]  "It is a basic belief in evolutionary
biology that genes survive over thousands of generations only if they
confer some advantage to the species" [15].
      "Two different ["inherited"] HLA {genes} appear with great
frequency in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy.  HLA-B8 is" in
"60 to 90 per cent of them", but only "20 to 25 per cent ... in the
normal population"; and there is "HLA-DW3 ... in 80 per cent of the
patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy", but only "20 to 30 per cent
in the normal population.  Family studies in patients with
gluten-sensitive enteropathy indicate that these histocompatibility
{genes} are, indeed, inherited and not disease-acquired antigen[df]
specificities.  ...  Animals lacking the appropriate histocompatibility
gene cannot mount an immune response [to a specific antigen(s)].  ...
Genetic analysis of HLA {genes} in patients [with gluten-sensitive
enteropathy] and their families suggested the possible need for a second
genetic factor[.] ...  Such a genetic marker was found ... on the
surface of B lymphocytes of patients with gluten-sensitive
enteropathy[.] ...  This marker is present in 75 to 80 per cent of
[Celiac] patients but only in 6 to 18 per cent of normal people.  In
contrast to the general normal population, the {genetic marker} is
PRESENT IN 100 PER CENT OF PARENTS of patients[.] ...  Thus, the
gene coding for this antigen has a recessive mode of inheritance.
Furthermore, it appears that a homozygous[df] condition for this gene,
in addition to the HLA {gene}, is required for {Celiac} manifestation.
...  Data have been developed which suggest that HLA-B8 may be
associated with a generalized immune hyperresponsiveness[.] ...
Individuals with these HLA genes [HLA-B8] may have a more vigorous
immune response to certain antigens.  ...  Mawhiney showed that oral
challenge with polio virus produces a significantly higher antibody
response in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy than in normals,
once again supporting the concept that these patients are
hyperresponding to various oral antigens" [12].
      There is "similarity of some sequences of gliadin peptides with
several pathogenic viruses" [16A].  "Kasarda ... looked for structure
homology between the A-gliadin peptide and other proteins and screened
A-gliadin against about 1500 proteins (minimal requirement: at least
eight or more amino acid identities within a 20 residue segment).
Eleven proteins were detected[.] ...  The only protein that shared
significant sequence homology with A-gliadin was the early region E1b
protein of human adenovirus type 12" [13].  For "a virus named
adenovirus 12[,] ...  patients with celiac ... much more frequently have
antibodies against this virus" [17].  There is "evidence of previous
infection with type 12 adenovirus among 89 percent of a series of
patients with untreated celiac sprue as compared with only 17 percent of
control subjects" [18].  "So what you are seeing is an intense immune
system response directed against GLUTEN, just as if the body were
being invaded by bacteria and responding to fight it off" [19].  "The
intolerants most probably had some selective advantage which
counterbalanced the gluten intolerance: it is possible to suggest that
it was their very effective HLA Class II system that gave them a
selective advantage against infections" [16A].
      In 1997 July, it was reported that "humans didn't descend from
Neanderthals.  ... Neanderthals ... never mixed their genes with early
humans.  ...  Comparing the DNA structure of Neanderthals with that of
modern humans ...  {t}he findings suggest that humans and Neanderthals
split from a common ancestor about 600,000 years ago" [20].  There are
differing opinions about Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens (Modern) as to
when they may have lived in the same regions [21, 22]; from what
locality the latter originated, the "multiregional theory" and "'Out of
Africa' hypothesis" [21, 23, 24]; what their interaction may have been
[21, 22]; and the intelligence of each [22].  So exactly from what
locality those with Celiac genes originated is currently debatable.
However, Europe, especially the Northern regions thereof, north of from
Ireland into and possibly through Russia (roughly about the 47.5 to 50th
North Latitude), and some locations between roughly about the 47.5 to
50th North Latitude and the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea,
and Aral Sea (roughly about the 45th North Latitude) may have been
initially populated by those who were very reactive to gluten.  Those
ancestors, originally in other regions, after ingesting gluten, could
not compete (due to for example: lack of energy and/or other
manifestations).  So to save their lives (possibly from for example:
cannibalism; competition (for food, lodging, mates, territory, tools, et
cetera); genocide; intolerance; jealousy; et cetera) they gradually
spread northwardly.  Eventually ice and/or sea blocked immigration
northwardly.  The last bastions away from farming for hunters and
gatherers with gluten reactive genes being the more northern regions,
allowed in those regions more generations with very gluten reactive
genes to pass those genes to descendants.
      "Twenty thousand [20,000] years ago, thick ice sheets covered
northern England, all of Scandinavia, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland,
and northern Russia.  There was also glacial ice over the Alps, the
Pyrenees, and much of northern North America, including the Missouri and
Ohio river valleys.  ...  {L}and close to the permanent ice wall of the
glacier were ...  [mostly] grassland[.] ...  {M}ost foragers in the
world of that time settled far from the glaciers in less extreme
environments: on temperate prairies, in woodlands, in river valleys, and
on tropical savannas" [14].  There were many vast grasslands.  During
times of extreme lack of most other foods humans probably ate the
grasses.
      "Our relationship to the environment [of 1988]--the foods we eat
and the types of physical exercise we engage in--are further examples of
our changed world.  The problem is that our genes don't know it.  They
are programming us today in much the same way they have been programming
humans for at least 40,000 [(forty-thousand)] years.  Genetically, our
bodies now are virtually the same as they were then.  ...  'Now' is so
radically different--its demands so new--that our very old human design
has not had time to adapt.  ...  {T}here was a certain stability in the
human evolutionary line--until 10,000 years ago.  At that time, and
again 250 years ago, the essence of human experience *was* altered"
[14].
      "{T}he wheat and corn we eat today were unknown 10,000 years ago.
...  Cultivation of wheat ... began in the Near East around 10,000 years
ago, then spread to places where wheat had never previously grown.  ...
The resulting 'bread' wheat ... had more GLUTEN[.] ...  Corn went
through a similar transformation.  Wild corn had tiny ears, typically
less than an inch long ... {a}bout 4,000 years ago[.]  ...  Beans and
tomatoes were also transformed, becoming larger and hardier after
centuries of cultivation and selection.  ...  {A}s the wild strains were
repeatedly and selectively bred, many foods declined in nutritional
quality.  Wild einkorn wheat, for example, has 50 percent more protein
than does hard red winter wheat (the most common type grown in North
America), and many wild plant foods contain more calcium than do their
cultivated forms" [14].
      "Sugar consumption ... was quite modest until recently.  As late
as 1800, the annual per capita consumption of refined sugar was only
four pounds.  ...  Today, the average American consumes those same four
pounds in just two weeks.  ...  {N}early 20 percent of our average daily
caloric intake is sugar" [14].
      "So, here we are in the late twentieth century, with a
40,000-year-old model body[.] ...  This mismatch ... can account for
many of our ills, especially the chronic 'diseases of civilization' that
cause 75 percent of the deaths in industrial societies.  ...  Perhaps
the most intriguing discovery emerging from these studies is that the
diseases which cause most deaths in our society are infrequent among
hunters and gatherers.  ...  {A}ll their food [was] from wild game and
uncultivated plants.  ...  It was low in saturated fat and salt.  Water
was the major, and usually only, beverage.  Refined sugar--mainly
honey--was available only seasonally.  ...  Although meat was prominent,
wild game contains so much less fat--about one-seventh as much as
domesticated meat--that their total intake of fat, especially saturated
fat, was much lower than ours.  ...  Chronic diseases we cannot yet
control or treat--the major killers of people in modern times--are ones
that barely afflict {hunters and gatherers} at all.  These are the
diseases fostered by technologically complex societies, or
civilizations: atherosclerosis ["the pathologic process underlying most
heart attacks and strokes"], hypertension ["high blood pressure"],
diabetes ["diabetes mellitus"], chronic obstructive lung disease
["includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis"], and several common
cancers ["lung"; "colon ... and rectum"; "breast ...  In epidemiological
studies, fat consumption and breast tumors are correlated."], as well as
less deadly disease processes such as osteoporosis ["loss of bony
material"], hearing loss ["industrial", "recreational", "traffic",
"household appliances, building construction, farm machinery, subways,
lawn mowers, sirens, chain saws, and airport ...  noise levels common in
Western society are a major threat to hearing"], dental caries
["'cavities' ...  By 1900, caries was thirty-five times as frequent as
it had been in prehistoric Britain."  "{I}t is clear
that Paleolithic people had limited exposure to sugar.  Only about 2
percent of fossil teeth from the Late Paleolithic show evidence of
cavities, and even these are shallow and small.  In contrast, about 70
percent of the teeth in some recent industrialized populations (for
example England in 1900) have had cavities, and these have frequently
been very large."], alcohol-related diseases, diverticulosis ["small
saclike protrusions of the colonic lining ...  the most common bowel
disorder; it affects nearly half of all Americans over age fifty."], and
obesity ["desirable ranges of body fat ...  10 to 15 percent for men and
20 to 25 percent for women may more nearly represent what human
evolution has designed us to carry in the way of adipose[df] tissue.
...  {O}besity and, for example, colon cancer are related, at least
statistically.  A more direct relationship between obesity and cancer of
the endometrium (cancer of the uterus in one of its two main forms) has
been shown to result from abnormal levels of estrogenic sex
hormones--especially in postmenopausal women"] [14].
      Two other examples of supportive evidence that various changes in
humans have occurred since the beginning of agriculture, at least ten
thousand (10,000) years ago, are human height and the age of human
female menarche; "{t}he first menstruation in girls" [29].  Human height
is a "mode of adaptation concerned [with] the irreversible, lifelong
modification of people as they develop" [28], one of the adaptations for
which "Anthropologists us the term 'plasticity'" [14].  "*Plasticity*
refers to the ability of many organisms, including humans, to alter
themselves--their behavior or even their biology--in response to changes
in the environment" [28].  In other words, "We do not inherit specific
attributes such as adult height--we inherit genes which establish a
range of genetic potential" [14].  "Because we humans take so many years
to grow to adulthood, and because we live in so many different
environments, from forests to cities and from deserts to the Arctic, we
are among the world's most variable species in our physical form and
behavior.  Indeed, we are one of the most plastic of all species" [28].
"{T}he 1984 Leakey-Walker ["1.5 million year old"] fossil skeleton ["of
a twelve-year-old boy whose projected adult height"] indicat{es} that
*Homo erectus* could reach an adult height of 6 [six] feet 2 [two]
inches" [14].  "The height of eastern Mediterranean hunters and
gatherers 30,000 [(thirty thousand)] years ago ... has been estimated as
averaging 5 [(five)] feet 9.75 [(nine and three-quarters)] inches for
males and 5 [(five)] feet 5.5 [(five and a half)] inches for females"
[14].  "{T}he height of Cro-Magnon hunters and gatherers living 25,000
[(twenty-five thousand)] years ago, ... males averaged nearly 5'10"
[(five feet ten inches)] and females nearly 5'6" [(five feet six
inches)]" [14].  "During the Revolutionary Ware, American soldiers
averaged 5' [(five feet)] 5 1/2" [(five and a half inches)] in height"
[14].  "Back in 1850 {"the Dutch"} averaged only 5' [(five feet)] 4"
[(four inches)]--the shortest men in Europe" [28].  "{I}n 1850 Americans
were the tallest people in the world, with American men averaging 5'
[(five feet)] 6" [(six inches)]" [28].  "Almost 150 years later,
American men now[, about 1988,] average 5' [(five feet)] 8" [(eight
inches)], [in about 1988 "American men of similar age[,to those said
"Revolutionary Ware, American soldiers",] average about 5' [(five feet)]
9" [(nine inches)]" [14],] but we have fallen in the standings and are
now only the third tallest people in the world.  In first place are the
Dutch.  ...  {T}hey are a towering 5' [(five feet)] 10" [(ten inches)].
(In these two groups, and just about everywhere else, women average
about five inches less than men at all times.)  So what happened?  ...
In both America and the Netherlands life got better, but more so for the
Dutch, and height increased as a result.  ...  {W}e can use the average
height of any group of people as a barometer of the health of their
society" [28].  "The evidence now suggests that preagricultural humans
were essentially similar to us in height, or even slightly taller, for
well over a million years, but that after the appearance of agriculture
inadequate, limited protein intake 'dwarfed' most succeeding human
populations until this century[, with "well-nourished industrial
populations"].  Of course the time frame for the changeover from
foraging to agriculture varied with specific geographic locations, but
in nearly all cases the shift was accompanied by a decrease in body
size.  This suggests that agriculture could not consistently provide the
abundance of calories, vitamins, minerals (particularly calcium), and
especially proteins that were available to Paleolithic hunters and
gatherers and, more recently, to ourselves.  As nutrition gets better,
it seems, human height attains levels near the peak of our genetic
potential" [14].
      The human female age of menarche has at least recently been
changing.  In the Table "Reproductive Milestones Among Hunting and
Gathering Women", of three such groups, the average age of menarche is
16 (sixteen).  "Through study of church, family, and other records, the
lateness of first childbearing in Europe, England, and the United States
during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries [due to lateness of
menarche] has been shown.  ...  For the United States ...  there have
been increases in the rate of teenage childbearing at least since
1940."  "Evidence that the age at first menstruation, or menarche, has
been dropping in the United States and Europe for more than a century,
has been repeatedly summarized."  "{C}onservatively estimated, [for
menarche] there has been a 2- to 3-year decline in northern Europe over
a period of 150 [(one-hundred and fifty)] years."  "This long-term trend
in earlier maturation--also called the secular trend--has been well
documented not only for age at menarche but for the general rate at
which youngsters grow and the height and weight they eventually attain.
For example, the age of the girl at the time she reaches five feet in
height has decreased at about the same rate as the age that she
menstruates for the first time--namely four months per decade.  ...  The
long-term trend toward earlier maturation appears to have stopped in
some populations[.]  ...  The trend is continuing in other populations,
however, especially in the underdeveloped world, where menarche may
still come later than age 13.  In northern Europe, it appears to have
stabilized at just about 13 years and in New England at a slightly
younger age. ...  It now seems possible, despite some exceptions, that
the mean age at menarche may not drop much below 12.5 to 13 years
anywhere in the world, and that this may be a basic biological lower
limit for this milestone in our species.  ...  Urban living is
definitely associated with earlier maturation, an effect that has been
shown throughout the world, but the meaning of this association is
difficult to determine, since urbanization is accompanied by changes in
most of all of the other, more specific, proposed causes" [14].
      "The 'normal' human pattern is, ultimately, whatever encourages
the optimal functioning of our biochemical and physiological
endowment--an endowment refined in the context of Late Paleolithic
experience" [14].
      In light of the herein, Celiac and/or the Celiac Condition is
_NOT_ a disease and should _NOT_ be referred to as such.
___________________
Definitions:

adipose -- "*adj*.  Of or pertaining to fat; fatty" [29].

antagonize -- "3. To counteract; neutralize" [29].

antigen -- "*n*. *Biochem*.  Any of several substances, such as
toxins, enzymes, or foreign proteins, that cause the development of
antibodies" [29].

homozygous -- "*adj*." of "homozygote ... *n*. *Biol*.  A zygote
formed by the conjugation of two gametes having the same allele of a
specific genetic character" [29].
___________________
References:

1.  _Stedman's Medical Dictionary_, Illustrated 23rd ed., Williams &
Williams Co., 1976, page 1322.

2.  _Fishbein's Illustrated Medical and Health Encyclopedia_, H. S.
Stuttman Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1978, pages 210-211.

3.  _The CIBA Collection of Medical Illustrations_, Vol. 3, "Digestive
System Part III Lower Digestive Tract", by Frank H. Netter, M.D., ed by
Ernst Oppenheimer, M.D., 1979, pages 135-137.

4.  _The CIBA Collection of Medical Illustrations_, Vol. 4, "Endocrine
System & Selected Metabolic Diseases", by Frank H. Netter, M.D., 1979,
pages 228-230.

5.  _Atlas of the Body_ (TIME Presents the Rand McNally), by Mitchell
Beazley Publishers, London, Claire Rayner, contributing editor, Rand
McNally & Company, New York, 1980.

6.  _The American Medical Association Family Medical Guide_, Jeffrey R.
M. Kunz, M.D., ed-in-chief, Darling Kindersley Limited, London, 1982,
pages 474-475, 684 [On this page, 684, this reference wrongly states
that "Celiac disease is an allergy".]

7.  _Mosby's Medical & Nursing Dictionary_, St Louis, 1983, pages 191,
646, 747, 1015.

8.  _The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy_, Fifteenth Edition, by
Robert Berkow, M.D., *Editor-in-Chief*, Andrew J. Fletcher, M.B.,
B.Chir., *Assistant Editor*, et al., Merck Sharp & Dohme Research
Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., U.S.A., 1987, pages 789, 792-794, 2294.

9.  "Do Our Genes Determine Which Foods We Should Eat?" (Health:
Returning Hawaiians to a native diet), by Laura Shapiro, _NEWSWEEK_,
August 9, 1993, page 64.

10.  _Can A Gluten-Free Diet Help?  How?_, by Lloyd Rosenvold, M.D.,
Keats Publishing, Inc., New Canaan, Connecticut, 1992.

11.  CSA-20, ("Twenty articles/chapters related to the conditions of
Celiac Sprue and Dermatitis Herpetiformis."), compiled by Celiac Sprue
Association/United States of America, Inc., P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE
68131-0700, phone 402-558-0600.  [As distributed in about 1993
November.]

12.  "Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy", by Z. Myron Falchuk, _Clinics in
Gastroenterology_, Vol. 12, No. 2, May 1983, publisher W. B. Saunders
Company Ltd, pages 486, 488-489.  [Included in Reference 11.]

13.  "Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: The Sprue Syndromes",
by Henrik Westergaard, MD, with assistance of Bettye Culwell, Department
of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas,
Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, _The American Journal of the
Medical Sciences_, Volume 290 Number 6, December 1985, page 256.
[Included in Reference 11.]

14.  _The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet & Exercise and a
Design for Living_; S. Boyd Eaton, M.D. (Chief of radiology at West
Paces Ferry Hospital, associate clinical professor of radiology at Emory
University School of Health Policy Council for the State of Georgia);
Marjorie Shostak (Adjunct assistant professor of anthropology at Emory
University); Melvin Konner, M.D., Ph.D. (Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor
of Anthropology at Emory University); Harper & Row, Publishers, New
York, ISBN 0-06-015871-9, 1988, pages 26-27, 29, 34-35, 38-39, 41-63,
88, 92, 95-96, 220-223, and 267-269.

15.  "Cystic fibrosis gene survives for a reason: Research suggests it
keeps cholera at bay", by Associated Press, Washington, _The Houston
Post_, Friday,  October 7, 1994, page A-10.

16.  FROM THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE GLUTEN INTOLERANCE: BENEFITS
AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED TO THE CULTIVATION OF WHEAT., by Luigi Greco,
D.C.H., M.Sc.(MCH), M.D., Department of Pediatrics, University of
Naples, 30.06.1995; L-Soft list service at St. John's University (1.8b)
[[log in to unmask]], File: "CELIAC CUL-WHT".
   Section:
     A.  The Rise of the Intolerance to Gluten.

17.  "Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease: Genetic, Environmental and
Immunologic Factors"; Stephen James, M.D.; in _CELIAC DISEASE.  The Dark
Side of the Gastrointestinal Planet_, [A symposium on Celiac Disease by
University of Maryland School of Medicine at the Marriott Hotel, Inner
Harbor, Baltimore, 1995 July 14 and 15.]; by Ivor D. Hill, MB, ChB, MD;
Karoly Horvath, MD, PhD; Alessio Fasano, MD.

18.  "Celiac Sprue", Trier, Jerry S., MD; _The New England Journal of
Medicine_, 1991 December 12, 325:24:1709-at least 1716.

19.  "Etiology and Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease"; a talk by William O.
Dobbins, MD; summarized by Jim Lyles; _The Sprue-Nik Press_, by
Tri-County Celiac Sprue Support Group, Farmington Hills, MI, 1995 May,
20:8-12.

20.  "You're Not a Neanderthal After All", author nonknown, _NEWSWEEK_,
1997 July 21, page 65.  [Article about "a major study released in the
journal Cell last week".]

21.  "Predecessor to man and modern human may have coexisted", by Curt
Suplee, Washington Post, _Houston Chronicle_, Friday, Dec. 13, 1996,
page 2A.  [Article about, "The controversial study, reported in today's
issue of Science".]

22.  "Evidence hints 2 species of early man coexisted: Redating Java man
challenges some branches of evolutionary tree", by Faye Flam,
Knight-Ridder Tribune News, _Houston Chronicle_, Monday, Jan. 6, 1997,
page 16D.  [Article about, "new evidence of such a coexistence in the
journal Science" "earlier this month".]

23.  "Scientist unsure when men began but think they know Y: Chromosome
studies point to 'Adam' as common ancestor", by John Noble Wilford, New
York Times, _Houston Chronicle_, Thursday, Nov. 23, 1995, page 22A.

24.  "An Ancient Wanderlust: A find suggests that humans left home
early", by Sharon Begley, _NEWSWEEK_, November 27, 1995, pages 78-79.
[Article on report "in the journal Nature", possibly the cover story of
the journal Nature 1995 November 16 issue.]

25.  "MIF-like Sequences in Milk and Wheat Proteins", Frank J. Mycroft,
M.S., M.P.H.; E. T. Wei, Ph.D.; John E. Bernardin, Ph.D.; Donald D.
Kasarda, Ph.D.; _The New England Journal of Medicine_, 1982 September
30, 307:14:895.

26.  "Immunologic Reaction of Psychotic Patients to Fractions of
Gluten", Ashkenazi, Azaria, M.D.; Krasilowsky, David, M.D.; Levin,
Stanley, M.D.; Idar, Dalia, M.SC.; Kalian, Moshe, M.D.; Or, Ayala,
M.SC.; Ginat, Yigal, M.D.; Halperin, Bianca, M.D.; _American Journal of
Psychiatry_, 1979 October, 136:10:1306-1309.

27.  "Does cryptic gluten sensitivity play a part in neurological
illness?", Hadjivassiliou, M; Gibson, A; Davies-Jones, G A B;  Lobo, A
J; Stephenson, T J; Milford-Ward, A; _The Lancet_ (International Journal
of Medical Science and Practice), 1996 February 10, 347:369-371.

28.  "The Tall _*and*_ the Short of It", Barry Bogin; illustrations by
Malcolm Tarlofsky; _Discover_, 1998 February, pages 40-44.

29.  _The Reader's Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary_, (Including
Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary), The Reader's Digest
Association, Inc., Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-21606,
Printed in the United States of America, 10th Printing, 1975.

--
Copyright (C) 1998 ARTHUR L. HIRDLER. All Rights Reserved.
<[log in to unmask]>, Houston, Texas, USA.