* Today in Black History - October 20 *
1895 - Rex Ingram is born near Cairo, Illinois. He will graduate
from the Northwestern University medical school in 1919
and will be the first African American male to receive a
Phi Beta Kappa key from Northwestern University. He will
go to Hollywood as a young man where he will be literally
discovered on a street corner by the casting director for
"Tarzan of the Apes" (1918), starring Elmo Lincoln. He will
make his (uncredited) screen debut in that film and will
have many other small roles, usually as a generic black
native, such as in the Tarzan films. With the arrival of
sound, his presence and powerful voice will become an asset
and he will go on to memorable roles in "The Green Pastures"
(1936), "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (the 1939 MGM
version, opposite Mickey Rooney), "The Thief of Bagdad"
(1940—perhaps his best-known film appearance—as the genie),
"The Talk of the Town" (1942), and "Sahara" (1943). From 1929,
he will also appear on stage, making his debut on Broadway. He
will appear in more than a dozen Broadway productions, with
his final role coming in "Kwamina" in 1961. He will be in the
original cast of "Haiti" (1938), "Cabin in the Sky" (1940),
and "St. Louis Woman" (1946). He will be one of the few actors
to have played both God (in "The Green Pastures") and the Devil
(in "Cabin in the Sky"). In 1966 he will play Tee-Tot in the
movie, "Your Cheatin Heart," The Hank Williams Story. In 1962,
he will become the first African American actor to be hired for
a contract role on a soap opera, when he appears on "The
Brighter Day." He will have other minor work in television in
the sixties, appearing in an episode each of "I Spy" and "The
Bill Cosby Show," both of which star Bill Cosby, who will use
his influence to land him the roles. He will join the ancestors
on September 19, 1969, after succumbing to a heart attack.
1898 - North Carolina Mutual Life and Provident Association is
organized by seven African Americans: John Merrick, Dr.
Aaron M. Moore, P.W. Dawkins, D.T. Watson, W.G. Pearson,
E.A. Johnson, and James E. Shepard. Each invests $50 in
the company, which will grow to become North Carolina
Mutual Life Insurance Company and have over $211 million
in assets and over $8 billion of insurance in force by
1991.
1924 - The "First Colored World Series" of baseball is held in
Kansas City, Missouri. The series, which pits the Kansas
City Monarchs against the Hillsdale team from Darby,
Pennsylvania, is won by the Monarchs, five games to four,
and was organized by Rube Foster.
1932 - Roosevelt Brown is born in Charlottesville, Virginia. He
will become a football star at Morgan State College in
Baltimore, Maryland, and will be drafted in the 27th
round by the New York Giants in 1953. Over his career
he will be All-NFL for eight straight years (1956-1963),
play in nine Pro Bowl games, and named NFL's Lineman of
Year (1956). He will play for the Giants for 13 seasons
and will be elected to the NFL Hall of Fame in 1975. In
1979, he will be was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall
of Fame. In 1999, he will be ranked number 57 on The Sporting
News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. He will join
the ancestors on June 9, 2004.
1942 - Leading southern African Americans issue the "Durham Manifesto",
calling for fundamental changes in race relations. Following
the Southern Conference on Race Relations, held at Durham’s
North Carolina College (NCC), a subcommittee will issue on
December 15, 1942, “A Basis for Inter-Racial Cooperation and
Development in the South: A Statement by Southern Negroes.”
Touted as the "Durham Manifesto," it will be a catalyst of the
postwar civil rights movement in North Carolina and the South.
The conference broadcast will heighten racial injustice and
black-white conflict during the war, and needed reform. Its
chairman, editor-publisher P. B. Young of the Norfolk Journal
and Guide; secretary-treasurer, professor Luther P. Jackson of
Virginia State College; and director, professor Gordon B. Hancock
of Virginia Union University, respected race moderates, will be
its main sponsors. They will send invitations to seventy-five
influential blacks living and working in the South, including
W. E. B. Du Bois of Atlanta University. Fifty-seven will attend,
five of them women. Twenty-one supporters will write letters or
telegrams. Moderates, many affiliated with the Atlanta-based
Commission on Interracial Cooperation or state chapters, will be
common among the conference’s ministers; college and university
presidents, deans, and faculty; parochial and public school
principals and teachers; businesspeople; newspapermen; physicians;
labor union officials; social workers; New Orleans Urban League
and Southern Negro Youth Congress representatives.
1952 - The Mau Mau uprising against British rule in Kenya begins, with
attacks against both British settlers and Africans who refuse to
join the rebellion. Although British rule is widely resented in
Kenya, the Mau Mau fighters are mostly members of the Kikuyu ethnic
group, whose land had been taken over by British settlers. The
British will respond harshly to the rebellion, killing nearly
11,000 rebels and confining 80,000 Kikuyus in detention camps.
Although it will be a military failure, the Mau Mau rebellion will
bring international attention to the Africans' grievances, and
contribute to Kenya's independence in 1963.
1953 - Jomo Kenyatta and five other Mau Mau leaders are refused an appeal
of their prison terms in British East Africa (Kenya). Members of the
Mau Mau guerilla troops all took an oath to commit themselves to
expelling all white settlers in Kenya and to eliminate the Africans
who cooperated with or benefited from colonial rule.
1963 - Jim Brown, of the Cleveland Browns, sets the then NFL all-time rushing
record, 8,390 yds.
1963 - South Africa begins the trial of Nelson Mandela & eight others on
charges of conspiracy.
1967 - An all-white federal jury in Meridian, Mississippi convicts 7 white men
in the murder of 3 civil rights workers. They are convicted of civil
rights' violations.
1968 - Elder Lightfoot Solomon Michaux, joins the ancestors at the age of 84.
His church services were broadcast weekly, first on radio, then on
television. The theme song of his broadcasts was "Happy am I, I'm
always happy!"
1976 - New York Nets' (ABA), Julius "Dr. J" Erving is traded to the Philadelphia
76ers. This will be the beginning of his All-Star career in the NBA.
1989 - The Senate convicts U.S. District Judge Alcee L. Hastings of perjury and
conspiracy and removes him from office. The conviction will be overturned
and Hastings is later elected to the House of Representatives.
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