LE RETORNO DEL (SUPER)TRAM, PARTE 3:
Altere innovationes importante:
Post 1950, on videva le incorporation gradual del
innovationes technic in le tramvias europee.
Bruxelles, Antwerpen, le Haga, e Gent comprava trams
PCC. In 1957 le firma Duewag in Germania comenciava
le production de trams articulate.
Tosto on videva trams con un o plure articulationes
in Germania, in Switza, in Austria, e altere paises.
Le firma La Brugeoise in Brugge fabricava pro
Bruxelles, e postea pro le Haga, trams derivate
ab le typo PCC, ma con duple articulation e controlo
electronic.
In Amsterdam, le uso de trams con duple articulation
permitteva le transporto de plus de passageros sin
augmentation del numero de vehiculos, un puncto
vital in un citate con multe personas e vias stricte.
In combination con le uso de tal grande vehiculos,
on aboliva le posto de billetero. Le passageros
compra anticipatemente un billet pro plure viages
e lo stampa in un machina quando illes monta le
vehiculo.
Compara le situation in Anglaterra in le annos 1950.
Alora il habeva pro cata vehiculo un guidator, un
billetero, e 60 passageros, dunque 30 passageros
pro cata agente, sin le perdita de tempore quando
le guidator vende le billetes.
Alora, le nove technologia del tramvia ha producite
un vehiculo con le velocitate de un traino (100
km/h pro le tram expresse inter Köln e Bonn), un
capacitate equal a lo de quatro autobuses
o trolleybuses (ma con solmente un guidator), e
tanto adaptabile que illo pote ir in le strata,
in banda lateral o median del strata, o sur ferrovia
toto separate. Illo es silente como le trolleybus,
emitte nulle fumos polluente, e illo es minus costose
que un ferrovia conventional.
Naturalmente, le urbanistas se informava de iste
vehiculos e considerava introducer los in urbes
appropriate. Sovente illes non usava le parola
"tram". In Anglaterra le publico, quando illo pensava
a trams, habeva le imagine mental de un satis parve
vehiculo, construite circa 1910, vadente solmente
in le medio del stratos.
In le SUA un tram se nomina "street-car", in Germania
"Strassenbahnwagen", nomines inappropriate pro un
vehiculo que non va sempre in le strata. Pro isto,
in paises anglophone on parla ora del "light rapid
transit" ("light rail" in le SUA) e in Germania
del Stadtbahn".
Le prime linea del nove generation aperiva in
Edmonton,
Canada, in 1978, sequite per un altere in Calgary
in 1981. Ambes utilisava le typo de tram expresse
designate in Frankfurt am Main. Istos era utilisate
anque pro le nove rete Tyne & Wear (Anglaterra),
aperite in 1980, que connecte Newcastle con Tynemouth,
Gateshead, e South Shields.
In le Statos Unite, tramvias expresse aperiva in
San Diego, California (1981), Buffalo (1984), Portland
(1986), Sacramento, California (1987), e San Jose,
California (1988). In Nederlanda on operiva le
nove linea de Utrecht; in Francia, le nove tramvias
de Nantes (1985) e Grenoble (1987). In Grande
Britannia, on plana tramvias toto nove in Croydon,
Manchester, Sheffield, e un linea interurban inter
Burmingham e Wolverhampton.
(Ex "Interlingua in interlingua",
<http://www.geocities.com/hkyson>, [Scientias])
---
THE RETURN OF THE (SUPER)TRAM, PART 3:
Other Important Innovations:
The years after 1950 saw the gradual incorporation
of technical innovations in European trams. Brussels,
Antwerp, the Hague, and Ghent bought PCC trams.
In 1957 the firm Duewag in Germany started producing
articulated trams.
Soon trams with one or more articulations started
to appear in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and
other countries.
For Brussels and the Hague, La Brugeoise in Brugge
manufactured trams derived from the PCC design but
with double articulations and electronic controls.
In Amsterdam, the use of double-articulated trams
allowed for the transport of more passengers without
an increase in the number of vehicles, a vital point
in a city with a lot of people and narrow streets.
Along with the use of this kind of large vehicles
came the abolition of the conductor. Passengers
buy in advance a ticket for several trips and stamp
it in a machine when they get into the vehicle.
Compare the situation in England in the 1950s.
Then there was for each vehicle a motorman and a
conductor with sixty passengers, which came out
to thirty passengers for each employee, without
the loss of time when the motorman sells the tickets.
Next, new tramway technology produced a vehicle
with the speed of a train (60 miles per hour for
an express train between Cologne and Bonn), a capacity
equal to four auto- or trolleybuses (but with a
single driver), and with such versatility that it
can travel in the street, in a side or middle lane
of the street, or on a completely separate roadway.
It is as silent as the trolleybus, emits no polluting
fumes, and is less costly than a conventional train.
Naturally, urbanists became aware of these vehicles
and considered introducing them into appropriate
cities. Often they did not use the word "tram."
In England the public, when they thought of trams,
had the mental image of a rather small vehicle,
built around 1910, traveling only in the middle
of the street.
In the United States, a tram is called a "street
car," in Germany, a "Strassenbahnwagen," inappropriate
names for a vehicle that doesn't always travel in
the street. For this reason, in English-speaking
countries the current term is "light rapid transit"
("light rail" in the United States) and in Germany
"Stadtbahn."
The first line of the new generation of street
railways
opened in Edmonton, Canada, in 1978, followed by
another one in Calgary in 1981. Both used the kind
of express tram designed in Frankfurt am Main These
were used also for the new Tyne & Wear network
(England), inaugurated in 1980, which connects
Newcastle with Tynemouth, Gateshead, and South
Shields.
In the United States, express trams opened in San
Diego, California (1981), Buffalo, New York, (1984),
and Portland, Oregon (1986), Sacramento, California
(1987), and San Jose, California (1988). In the
Netherlands a new line was opened in Utrecht; in
France, new lines were opened in Nantes (1985) and
Grenoble (1987). In Great Britain, completely new
trams are planed for Croydon, Manchester, Sheffield,
and an interurban line between Burmingham and
Wolverhampton.
..............................
Como promover usar le Rete e su ressources
bibliographic public pro incoragiar le uso expandite
de interlingua:
Le dialogos e exercitios de mi curso de conversation
<http://conversationininterlingua.blogspot.com> es un
ressource bibliographic public como "Interlingua
in interlingua" <http://www.geocities.com/hkyson>
e le textos in interlingua de Wikipedia.
Imitante le philosophia de Wikipedia sur le uso
de ressources bibliographic public, vos pote rediger
iste textos como vos vole, forsan combinante los
con altere simile ressources, pro publication
ubicunque in le Rete.
Un maniera excellente de apprender interlingua
vermente ben es compilar vostre proprie anthologia ex
su ressources public, scriber vostre proprie
presentation del grammatica de interlingua, e publicar
vostre effortios in le Rete pro le uso de alteres.
---
Si vos es un studente del anglese, io spera que
le textos in interlingua e anglese que io presenta
in iste sito vos adjuvara in vostre studios. Vos
anque pote adjuvar studentes de vostre lingua native
si vos presenta simile textos bilingue in iste sito.
Vos anque pote imprimer textos in un tertie lingua,
preparar un version de illos in interlingua, e
finalmente preparar un version de illos in vostre
lingua native.
Tal presentationes demonstra fortemente le avantages
de interlingua como lingua ponte e presentara
ressources multo utile pro studentes del prime lingua
de tal textos trilingue e de vostre lingua native.
---
Ecce duo sitos importante pro studentes de linguas e
del linguistica:
CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS, un organisation cuje
preoccupation principal es trovar lo que es utile pro
le instruction de linguas nove in le linguistica
theoretic e incoragiar le uso de iste information pro
formar manieras plus efficicace de inseniar linguas.
Le sede electronic de iste organisation es
<http://www.cal.org>.
LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA, le organisation
professional pro linguistas academic american. Lor
sede electronic es <http://www.lsadc.org>.
__________________________________
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